Sobre el TLC Chile-Uruguay que se votará en la Cámara de Diputados. Por Esteban Silva. Integrante de Chile mejor sin TLC
Sobre el TLC Chile-Uruguay que se votará en la Cámara de Diputados.
1. Nuestro país forma parte de los países signatarios y negociadores del TISA, ha sido también promotor del rescate del Tratado transpacífico TPP que se firmó en Chile el pasado 8 de marzo y tiene una extensa y profusa trayectoria de inserción internacional liberalizadora ( es decir desreguladora y desregulada y que favorece prioritariamente al capital privado financiero internacional) establecida vía la firma de Tratados de Libre Comercio bilaterales o país-región con una diversidad de países y regiones.
En política internacional es un activo impulsor de la Alianza del Pacífico y en consecuencia, ha buscado desde el gobierno con entusiasmo la incorporación más activa del Uruguay en ese esquema de negociación.
2. Entre Chile y Uruguay ya existen Acuerdos Económicos y Comerciales que hacen completamente innecesario el nuevo TLC bilateral y demuestran más bien que la insistencia del gobierno de Bachelet con su ex canciller, Heraldo Muñoz en la firma de ese TLC respondía más a introducir en un Acuerdo con Uruguay, (miembro del MERCOSUR) aspectos y cláusulas de mayor liberalización y desregulacion establecidas en los TLC’s multilaterales llamados de “nueva o cuarta generación” como son el TISA y el TPP.
En el plano internacional se busca seguir fortaleciendo la Alianza del Pacífico como eje de un esquema de liberalización que favorece la desregulacion, el capital financiero y empresas transnacionales ETN en el comercio y el intercambio en desmedro de otros esquemas de negociación e integración como son el MERCOSUR, ALADI, CELAC.
Entre Chile y Uruguay ya existen los siguientes Acuerdos ( los que además no fueron evaluados conjuntamente antes de proponerse un nuevo esquema a través del TLC bilateral que se pretende que sea validado por los parlamentos de ambos países):
a. Acuerdo de Complementación Económica número 35 y sus protocolos adicionales posteriores que establece la liberalización prácticamente a 0 en bienes y servicios.
b.Tratado Bilateral de Inversiones. Se encuentra en vigor desde 2012 y está compuesto de 38 artículos que incluyen trato nacional coma nación más favorecida, nivel mínimo de trato, la prohibición de requisitos de desempeño, libre transferencia de capital, prohibición de expropiación y nacionalización de inversiones, solución de controversias mediante CIADI o UNCITRAL. Todas estas disposiciones son las más habituales y exigentes de los Tratados Bilaterales de Inversión TBI.
c. Acuerdo de Contratación Pública del 2012, que establece apertura efectiva y recíproca de Mercado de contratación pública e incluye bienes servicios servicios de construcción obra pública proveedores entre otros elementos.
El TLC Chile-Uruguay tiene 12 Capítulos que incluyen el preámbulo con las definiciones,comercio de bienes, facilitación al comercio, pymes, medidas sanitarias y fitosanitarias,obstáculos técnicos al comercio, servicios, comercio electrónico, competencia, propiedad intelectual, laboral, medio ambiente, cooperación, género,coherencia regulatoria, transparencia, administración,solución de controversias, disposiciones generales y disposiciones finales.
Gran parte de los extractos de sus capítulos son extractos textuales del TISA y del TPP.
A modo de ejemplo:
En documento de análisis sobre el TLC Uruguay-Chile, Viviana Barreto y Natalia Carrau de Redes-AT de Uruguay señalan lo siguiente:
“El análisis preliminar del TLC constata que una variedad de elementos en negociados en TISA y TPP están incluidos en el TLC Uruguay Chile.
Sin embargo, Uruguay se retiró de las negociaciones del Tisa y no es país signatario del TPP. Al mismo tiempo, el texto parece reflejar el aprendizaje de las negociaciones y resistencias del TISA ya que se excluyen algunos sectores de forma explícita, por ejemplo; servicio de telecomunicaciones o servicios financieros. No es menos cierto que otros aspectos del Acuerdo despiertan profunda preocupación y no aseguran que los servicios públicos como un todo estén protegidos. También llama la atención algunos capítulos del TLC que incorporan disciplinas nuevas en las que ni Uruguay ni Chile son competidores a nivel mundial. Un ejemplo muy claro de esto es el capítulo que refiere a Comercio Electrónico.” (1)
Otro aspecto importante señalado por las autoras, es que el tratado de Libre Comercio incorpora todo el repertorio de cláusulas de apertura disponibles hasta hoy y por tanto, el referido al tema de trato nacional ahora se iguala a los estándares del TISA y el TPP. Es decir, igual trato a chilenos como el que otorga a los nacionales uruguayos. Dicho de otro modo, no hay posibilidad de ofrecer un trato diferencial a nacionales en los servicios comprometidos. Esta forma de incorporar la cláusula de Trato nacional bajo la lógica de lista negativa es considerada OMC plus, es decir, va mucho más allá de lo establecido en los acuerdos de la Organización Mundial de Comercio OMC. El acuerdo de servicios de la OMS -el GATS- sólo exige liberalización en función de listas positivas. Esta forma de incorporar el Trato Nacional está prevista en el TISA y estuvo dentro de las preocupaciones señaladas por movimientos y organizaciones de trabajadores cuando se insistía en que el Uruguay debía retirarse del Acuerdo. Sin embargo, fue aceptado en el TLC con Chile. Esta forma de incorporar el Trato nacional también está prevista en el tratado Transpacífico TPP.
Finalmente concluyen que muchos de sus capítulos representan una novedad para el marco normativo uruguayo y resultan en los hechos la aceptación de los estándares de la negociación internacional promovido por proceso negociador es como el tiza y consolidados en el recientemente firmado TPP y que constituirán el centro de la agenda ofensiva del Norte en la conferencia Ministerial de la OMC que se realizó en diciembre en Buenos Aires. Las autoras concluyen que se trata de estándares que privilegian “la profundización de las dinámicas de producción diseñadas desde el norte y que poco tienen que ver con las necesidades de países como el Uruguay y el nuestro en la preocupación por el desarrollo.”
He querido hacer referencia a este documento uruguayo pues en Chile la llamada apertura neoliberal a través de los TLC ha sido completa y exclusivamente dominante en las relaciones comerciales y exteriores de Chile.
Ya es hora de abrir una nueva discusión en el país sobre el tipo de modelo de desarrollo y su relación con la inversión y el capital privado internacional y la necesidad de generar un comercio más equitativo y justo.
Rechazar el TLC Chile- Uruguay así como el TPP, debe ser el primer paso para generar un debate nacional para un nuevo acuerdo político y social de desarrollo e inserción productiva y comercial para Chile.
Esteban Silva Cuadra
Integrante plataforma de organizaciones Chile mejor sin TLC | 18 de abril de 2018.
(1) Documento: El TLC Uruguay-Chile Implicancias y riesgos para el país. Análisis Preliminar de Viviana Barreto y Natalia Carrau. Redes-AT
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