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¿Qué tiene que ver el comercio internacional con las mujeres?

Por Graciela Rodríguez *

La globalización económica, acelerada desde los años 80 del siglo pasado, que promovió profundas modificaciones en el modelo económico, también significó el advenimiento de una nueva fase del capitalismo hegemónico. En esa etapa, el papel del comercio de productos ha sido fundamental para esa acumulación capitalista y su expansión en los diversos territories, como también la liberalización de los flujos de capital, en la llamada globalización financiera, que está profundizando la concentración de las riquezas y la desigualdad entre naciones y al interior de las mismas.

El papel del comercio internacional como motor del desarrollo fue fuertemente promovido en las últimas décadas, a pesar de que simultáneamente y desde el inicio se reconociera que la liberalización comercial produciría “perdedores” además de “ganadores”. Dentro de esta perspectiva, justamente por su condición desigual en las sociedades, las mujeres, en particular las pobres, enfrentaron con mayores dificultades los procesos de globalización y de liberalización económica y por eso en muchos países se cuentan entre los principales “perdedores”.

La participación creciente de la mano de obra femenina en la fabricación de productos destinados a la exportación es una constatación en la producción globalizada. Ya en 1981 Elson y Pearson mencionaban el aumento del trabajo femenino en las “fábricas del mercado mundial”2, basado en la presencia de mujeres contratadas por muy bajos salarios y en condiciones precarias, apoyando la tesis de que “la producción para la exportación en los países en desarrollo se produce en tándem con la feminización del trabajo remunerado”.3

Por otra parte, si estas políticas de liberalización fueran potencialmente benéficas para crear oportunidades de empleos para las mujeres, podemos preguntarnos si “el papel reproductivo de las mujeres y las desigualdades de género las impide de acceder a estos beneficios, si al mismo tiempo cargan con la responsabilidad del hogar”.4

Parece fundamental entonces reflexionar sobre cómo interactúan las políticas macroeconómicas con la inserción femenina en el mercado de trabajo remunerado y posteriormente analizar las tareas del cuidado de las personas en sus hogares y la valorización del trabajo reproductivo no remunerado de las mujeres para el mantenimiento de la vida y de la fuerza de trabajo.

Las desigualdades de género en los mercados de trabajo atraen las inversiones

Los acuerdos de liberalización de las inversiones han otorgado grandes facilidades de instalación a las empresas transnacionales sin la contrapartida de los llamados “requisitos de desempeño” exigidos tradicionalmente a los capitales inversionistas. La flexibilización de las leyes y estándares laborales con el objetivo de atraer inversiones extranjeras, ha permitido reducir los costos de la mano de obra, y facilitado el avance de la precariedad y las malas condiciones de trabajo en la economía globalizada. Al mismo tiempo, la capacidad de los Estados para controlar esas condiciones laborales ha sido reducida por años de políticas de ajuste estructural en complicidad con las empresas que se han instalado en los países periféricos.

“En este contexto, una de las ventajas comparativas ofrecidas a los inversionistas extranjeros por diversos gobiernos de los países en desarrollo ha sido la disponibilización de contingentes de mano de obra barata, especialmente de mujeres, para la instalación de capitales en las “zonas francas” exportadoras o en las fábricas de ensamblaje de productos – las llamadas “maquilas” – que han sido la forma encontrada para aunar los intereses de muchos gobiernos y de gran número de corporaciones transnacionales”.5 Y esto sumandose a violentos procesos de desagregación social y desvirtuación de las culturas locales, acarreando graves problemas sociales. El caso de las maquilas en México y sus impactos sobre las mujeres y la explosión del feminicidio, allí denunciado desde los años 2000, se ha tornado el ejemplo más elocuente y trágico de los efectos sociales de la liberalización comercial sobre las mujeres. También ha sido posible analizar las transformaciones en los valores salariales, deprimiendo la tasa salarial de la región o país, influenciando así el propio deterioro de los salarios masculinos y del conjunto de trabajadores y trabajadoras.

Así, estas modalidades se han transformado en formas predominantes de la organización productiva para utilización de la mano de obra femenina en diversos sectores y países de América del Sur (en Colombia en la producción de flores, en Chile en la agroindustria de exportación de frutas y pescado, en la producción de electro-electrónicos en la Zona Franca de Manaus en Brasil, etc.), en América Central (México, Honduras, El Salvador, entre otros en las factorías de ensamblaje textil especialmente) al igual que en el Caribe.

De este modo, la vigencia y extensión de esas formas de contratación de la fuerza de trabajo femenina permiten afirmar la funcionalidad de las desigualdades de género para las inversiones. De hecho, “hemos visto que en innumerables ocasiones las inversiones no sólo se aprovechan de las desigualdades de género existentes como muchas veces parecen inclusive sentirse atraídas por ellas”.6 De esta manera, las inversiones realizadas por las grandes empresas transnacionales, especialmente en los sectores manufactureros, han profundizado las desigualdades de género en diversos países y regiones, asentando en ellas parte substancial de sus ganancias.

Concluyendo…

“Muchas de las transformaciones del mundo en turbulencia afectan las condiciones de vida en nuestra región, agudizando aún más la desigualdad social que tristemente lidera América Latina en la escena global. Y exacerba la matriz patriarcal que con complicidad del gobierno y la justicia se desquita con violencia sobre el cuerpo y la vida de las mujeres. Pero también han promovido la reacción y protesta de amplios sectores de población en los que ganan protagonismo las mujeres a través de la lucha y la resistencia que se expresa en las calles y en los conflictos sociales”.7

Incorporar el análisis de género ha dejado de ser un aspecto secundario o complementario de cualquier pensamiento libertario, y por el contrario se ha transformado en elemento estructurante de la crítica al modelo neoliberal, con sus métodos de ajuste y liberalización comercial que encubren su esencia patriarcal.

Notas:

2 Elson, D y R. Pearson – The subordination of Women and the Internationalization of Factory Production”. 1981.

3 Cagatay, N. “Género, Pobreza y Comercio”. Departamento de Economía. Universidad de Utah. 2001. Mimeo.

4 Sanchis, N; Baracat, V; y Jimenez, MC: “El comercio Internacional en la agenda de las mujeres. La incidencia política en los acuerdos comerciales en América Latina“. IGTN. Buenos Aires. 2004.

5 Rodríguez, Graciela – “Género, comercio internacional y desarrollo: una relación conflictiva”. Nueva Sociedad. Buenos Aires. 2009.

6 Rodríguez, G. “Estrategias de las Mujeres para la OMC”. Instituto EQUIT / IGTN – International Gender and Trade Network. Brasil. 2003.

7 Sanchís Norma. “Mundo en convulsión. Turbulencias financieras, políticas y tecnológicas. Una perspectiva feminista”. Mimeo. Buenos Aires. 2018.

* Miembro de Instituto EQUIT y de AMB – Articulação de Mulheres Brasileiras e da REBRIP – Rede Brasileira pela Integração dos Povos, Brasil.

Fuente: Nodal

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