Opinión

El Acuerdo Transpacífico TPP o cómo privatizar la semilla y sumar biopiratería


tpp1-760x470¡De repente nos encontramos ad portas del gobierno directo de las transnacionales! Corporaciones como Monsanto, las farmacéuticas, los fabricantes de automóviles y otras elaboraron en secreto junto a una elite de negociadores de la casta empresarial/estatal de doce países, una ley para todos sus habitantes. Denominaron el resultado como “Acuerdo Transpacífico” (TPP), y la Presidenta Bachelet lo firmará en febrero – cuando Chile está en “receso” vacacional – para recién entonces enviársela al parlamento. A partir de marzo senadores y diputados deberán decir sí o no. Hasta ayer no más, ellos tampoco tenían idea de qué iban a contener los 30 capítulos, sus anexos y demases porque sólo a fines de octubre se hicieron públicos los contenidos y aún no son definitivos los textos ni sus traducciones. A partir de marzo podrán reivindicar o no su rol como representantes electos por los y las ciudadanas, o elegirán ser comparsa nacional de las transnacionales y sus socios chilenos. Están en la mira de sus electores.

Son muchos los impactos negativos del Tratado, presentado como el acuerdo comercial más importante firmado hasta ahora, que se aboca a todos los temas imaginables y de lo que menos habla es de comercio. Aquí sólo nos referiremos a qué pasará con la semilla campesina e indígena y con la biodiversidad, si se aprueba este tratado.

Resucitan la “Ley Monsanto”

Hasta el año 2013, el negociador de temas agrícolas del tratado por Estados Unidos fue Islam Siddiqui, ex lobbysta de Monsanto. Se retiró tras asegurar en la redacción los intereses de la transnacional productora de híbridos, transgénicos y plaguicidas. El capítulo 18, de Propiedad intelectual, en su párrafo.7.2., letra d) obliga a Chile ratificar el Convenio UPOV 91 (de propiedad intelectual de las semillas).Eso implica derogar la actual ley de semillas y aprobar el proyecto de Ley de Obtentores, que es la traducción al castellano del Convenio UPOV 91.

Ante la presión social, al inicio de su mandato, la Presidenta Bachelet había suspendido la tramitación final por el Senado de la “Ley Monsanto” (proyecto de Ley de Obtentores Vegetales) por sus implicancias en la soberanía alimentaria y la biodiversidad. Por eso no pudo promulgar el Convenio UPOV 91, aprobado el año 2011 por el Senado. Reponer la Ley Monsanto a través del TPP, significa impedir el ejercicio del derecho ancestral al libre intercambio de semillas, y extender el registro de semillas a todas las variedades vegetales, encareciendo aún más el costo de la semilla. El resultado será aumentar más la emigración campo-ciudad, por el colapso de la agricultura familiar campesina, generando así el espacio físico requerido para la expansión de los cultivos transgénicos y de la contaminadora industria forestal. Sin agricultura familiar campesina, que actualmente abastece las ferias libres y otros espacios de venta de frutas y verduras, los consumidores dependerán exclusivamente de los supermercados, más caros. La agroindustria además, orientada a la exportación dejará en el país sólo lo no exportable y las “cadenas cortas” consumidor – productor que se presentan como alternativas nuevas y saludables, abortarán por disminución de la oferta de productores rurales.

Biopiratería legal

En este mismo capítulo 18, en el párrafo 16.d hablando de “cooperación” el TPP impulsa además la formación de expertos en el registro de patentes de conocimiento (ancestral) indígena sobre plantas. Obviamente eso indica que los expertos patentarán conocimientos ancestrales, un procedimiento rechazado ampliamente por las organizaciones de los pueblos originarios que habitan Chile y cuyo patrimonio genético y conocimientos ancestrales ya han sido víctimas de la biopiratería desde hace rato. Este Tratado sigue alentando la biopiratería y nada dice respecto de nuevos protocolos internacionales referidos a estos asuntos.

Nueva Zelanda negoció excepciones a favor de sus pueblos indígenas derivadas del Tratado de Waitangi. En cambio Chile ni siquiera prevé la Consulta Indígena según ha afirmado la Cancillería, ignorando las disposiciones del Convenio 169 de Derechos de los Pueblos Indígenas.

Tratados anteriores con USA y la Unión Europea ya exigían a Chile ratificar el Convenio UPOV 91. La diferencia es que ahora, si el Estado no cumple, cualquiera de las empresas inversoras de los 11 países miembros del tratado puede llevar a Chile a tribunales internacionales (CIADI) cuyas sentencias – inapelables- en forma mayoritaria son en contra de los países en desarrollo, y de altísimo costo.

Tutela sobre leyes

Las disposiciones del TPP afectan la soberanía nacional, ya que su maraña de disposiciones genera una suerte de camisa de fuerza respecto de nuevas normas. El capítulo 2 sobre Trato Nacional y Acceso a Bienes, en su párrafo 27.10 establece un Grupo de Trabajo sobre Biotecnología que analizará “las leyes, reglamentos y políticas nacionales, existentes y propuestos”. Cualquier regulación que pretenda proteger nuestra salud y el ambiente, por ejemplo a través de la moratoria a los cultivos transgénicos y el etiquetado de alimentos transgénicos, o políticas públicas que regulen la existencia de compras públicas de alimentos agroecológicos/orgánicos para comedores escolares u hospitales podrían ser consideradas como un obstáculo al comercio y quedarían “congeladas”. Porque existe el capítulo 15 sobre Compras del Sector Público y un Capítulo 8 sobre Obstáculos Técnicos al Comercio. Estas normas podrían ser vistas como acciones que van en contra de las “expectativas razonables de ganancias” de los inversores de la agroindustria, definidas sólo por la empresa. El Estado no se arriesgará a posibles demandas porque firmó el Capítulo 28 sobre Resolución de Controversias (tribunales internacionales con fallos inapelables y sesgados); y el Capítulo 9 sobre inversiones que regula estos temas. El tratado opera como un candado a normas rigurosas que permitan mayor protección de nuestra salud y de la biodiversidad.

Contaminación sin castigo

En el ya citado capítulo 2, su párrafo 29 se cuida de asegurar la exportación ininterrumpida de transgénicos sin penalizar la contaminación, aplicando normas más débiles que las del Protocolo de Cartagena sobre Seguridad de la Biodiversidad o las del Codex Alimentario. Desoyendo las demandas ambientalistas Chile, alineado con Estados Unidos, lleva décadas negándose a ratificar este Protocolo que regula la exportación de transgénicos. Estados Unidos, Canadá, Chile y Australia, no firmantes del Protocolo de Cartagena, impusieron su criterio respecto de aplicar normas más bajas que los estándares internacionales frente a la contaminación de embarques con niveles bajos de transgénicos, y no cuantificar el nivel de contaminación a permitirse.

En los últimos años, las exportaciones de maíz convencional de LimaGrain se han visto afectadas por contaminación de transgénicos y en más de diez oportunidades fueron devueltas a Chile desde Alemania, que las rechazó. La falta de control de la contaminación por transgénicos será una amenaza creciente para la exportación de alimentos a países con tolerancia cero a los transgénicos (Alemania, Rusia) o con tolerancia cero a los no aprobados (entre otros, Francia, Malasia, China) ya que si adoptan medidas como el rechazo, también podrían ser demandados por las transnacionales.


Por Lucía Sepúlveda R, RAP-Chile y campaña Yo No Quiero Transgénicos en Chile, miembros de la Plataforma  Chile Mejor sin TPP.


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