El TPP y las luchas sociales en Chile
La presidenta de Chile, Michelle Bachelet, mantiene el secretismo sobre el Acuerdo Transpacífico (TPP, por sus siglas en inglés), impulsado por Barack Obama, ya que ni los ciudadanos ni los parlamentarios chilenos saben la fecha exacta en que llegará al Congreso el tratado, ni qué urgencia tendrá su tramitación. El acuerdo, que incluye a Australia, Brunéi, Canadá, Chile, México, Japón, Malasia, Nueva Zelanda, Perú, Singapur y Vietnam, sólo será válido si los países que lo aprueben suman por lo menos 85% del Producto Interno Bruto (PIB) del total de países miembros. Como Estados Unidos ostenta 67% del PIB, su rol es decisivo. Pero la aprobación del TPP está siendo puesta en duda precisamente allí, ya que el discurso de campaña de los candidatos a la presidencia ha sido de rechazo.
Bachelet acudió al rescate y escogió recientemente como auditorio a la Cámara de Comercio Chileno-Norteamericana para revelar que enviará el proyecto en el segundo semestre, antes de que concluya la actual administración norteamericana. Su anuncio, conocido pocos días después de que millones de ciudadanos marcharan en todo el país para exigir el fin del sistema previsional chileno impuesto en la dictadura, fue el eco que permitió vincular el rechazo al TPP con esas demandas.
Las administradoras de fondos de pensiones (AFP) obtienen ganancias escandalosas para sus dueños y entregan pensiones de montos indignos. Entrevistado en CNN Chile, el líder del movimiento social No Más AFP, Luis Mesina, tras ser recibido por Bachelet pocos días después de la segunda marcha nacional, declaró que le solicitó “la no ratificación del tratado, ya que, por una parte, los propios candidatos norteamericanos lo rechazan y, por otra, sabemos que las AFP son de capitales extranjeros, especialmente tres de ellas, Principal, Metlife y Prudential, que son norteamericanas y podrían llevarnos a los tribunales internacionales con el consiguiente daño a la soberanía nacional”.
El dirigente social alude a las disposiciones del tratado que garantizan a los inversores extranjeros una “expectativa razonable de ganancia” (no definida), mediante un sistema de solución de controversias entre estos y el Estado en que han invertido. El mecanismo consiste en investigar (en secreto) y sancionar al Estado por la vía de tribunales arbitrales internacionales, que no cumplen las normas del debido proceso. Sus fallos, inapelables, podrán exigir indemnización y anular las políticas estatales que hayan dado origen al reclamo.
Es la primera vez que Mesina expone públicamente el “efecto candado” del TPP sobre las demandas sociales: opera como un factor de clara inhibición de cambios estructurales y como una suerte de gobierno de las corporaciones transnacionales que limita el ejercicio de la democracia y del propio parlamento. Patricio Guzmán, asesor de No Más AFP, participó en el Encuentro Nacional de la Plataforma Chile Mejor sin TPP, realizado el 3 de setiembre en Santiago de Chile, donde se acordó unir las luchas a nivel comunal, regional y nacional. El calendario incluye movilizaciones el 16 de octubre y el 4 de noviembre. Para esa fecha de noviembre, No Más AFP ha convocado a paro nacional. Junto con organizaciones sociales y ambientales, como Indignados o Newen Kimun, provenientes de ciudades como Temuco, Los Ángeles, Valparaíso y Curicó, representantes de los trabajadores de la salud, presentes en el Encuentro Nacional por medio de Federación Nacional de Profesionales Universitarios de los Servicios de Salud y del movimiento Salud para Todos, se mostraron plenamente dispuestos a asegurar el éxito de la convocatoria conjunta.
Impactos en salud y otros derechos
En el caso de Chile, por medio de diferentes medidas administrativas, el TPP extiende de cinco a ocho años el período de vigencia de la protección de información no divulgada de los medicamentos biológicos. Eso implica que habrá una demora de tres años para poder contar con medicamentos genéricos. El costo de esta medida para el sistema de salud chileno sería de 770 millones de dólares anuales, equivalentes al presupuesto anual de cinco leyes Ricarte Soto, nombre popular de una ley aprobada recientemente para asegurar el acceso a medicamentos para el cáncer y otros de altísimo costo. Es decir, también aquí se anula un logro del movimiento social que buscaba asegurar la salud como un derecho de todos.
En materia de propiedad intelectual, el TPP vulnera el derecho a la libertad de expresión, al poner en vigor la cláusula de notificación y bajada vigente en Estados Unidos, que permite eliminar contenidos automática y masivamente sin investigación previa. Esto puede ser utilizado por los gobiernos para ejercer la censura política. Al mismo tiempo, el tratado obliga a los proveedores a informar e iniciar acciones penales contra quienes rompan las medidas tecnológicas de protección para acceder a materiales con propiedad intelectual, sin importar que eso se haga sin fines de lucro, por interés público, en razón de padecer impedimentos visuales o con fines de investigación y desarrollo. Innovadores, periodistas y activistas podrán ser criminalizados.
A esa privatización del conocimiento, se agrega la vulneración del derecho a la alimentación. El TPP obliga a ratificar el Convenio UPOV 91, de privatización de la semilla, que en Chile requiere reponer la tramitación del proyecto de ley de Derechos de Obtentores Vegetales, llamada popularmente Ley Monsanto. Ello afectaría la agricultura familiar campesina y la biodiversidad, al imponer en la práctica el monopolio de la semilla “mejorada” y criminalizar el libre intercambio y la reproducción de la semilla, un derecho ancestral de campesinos y pueblos indígenas, que no han sido consultados, según dispone el Convenio 169, firmado por el Estado chileno. Además, el tratado crea un Grupo de Trabajo sobre Biotecnología, cuya misión es vigilar las leyes actuales y futuras, impedir el etiquetado de alimentos transgénicos y promover ese tipo de cultivos, que hoy en Chile no están autorizados para el mercado interno. Todo el tratado se rige por el principio de que lo central es no poner obstáculos al comercio, por tanto, las leyes ambientales o laborales deben subordinarse a ese predicamento.
La Plataforma Chile Mejor sin TPP, que agrupa a organizaciones sociales, ambientales, campesinas y políticas en diversas regiones de Chile, está intensificando su trabajo de alerta y difusión pública, tanto en redes sociales como en foros, conversatorios e instancias territoriales. Nuevos parlamentarios se han pronunciado pública e individualmente contra el tratado, pero muchos excusan su indefinición con el hecho de que aún no está en discusión el proyecto.
En las últimas entrevistas que ha tenido la Plataforma con diputados de oposición y de gobierno, ambas partes coincidieron en que es poco probable que el proyecto sea discutido este año, tanto por las iniciativas de ley pendientes de votación que figuran en el gobierno de la Nueva Mayoría (como el de educación y el del aborto) como por las señales de rechazo que llegan de Estados Unidos. Para la Plataforma, sin embargo, lo central es unir la lucha contra el TPP a las demandas sociales urgentes, como la de No Más AFP y las luchas estudiantiles.
El “No al TPP” sólo es posible si los parlamentarios comprenden que está en juego su futuro político si van en contra de la voluntad popular. Y eso deberá quedar en evidencia en las calles y en los territorios, porque Chile está despertando.
Lucía Sepúlveda Ruiz y Paula Muñoz Gómez
Miembros de la Secretaría Ejecutiva de la Plataforma Chile Mejor sin TPP, www.chilemejorsintpp.cl @mejorsintpp
Fuente: La Diaria – http://ladiaria.com.uy/articulo/2016/9/el-tpp-y-las-luchas-sociales-en-chile/
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