Marco Kremerman: “Libre Comercio», otro cuento capitalista
El economista de Fundación Sol, Marco Kremerman, presentó <“Libre Comercio», otro cuento capitalista>, en el Encuentro Ampliado: ¿Cómo enfrentarnos al libre comercio?. Su exposición comenzó con el supuesto de que Gran Bretaña y Estados Unidos pudieron tomar la delantera respecto de otros países porque fueron los primeros en adoptar el libre mercado y, especialmente, el libre comercio. Sin embargo, la evidencia permite concluir que esto es falso.
Kremerman señaló que Gran Bretaña fue pionera del proteccionismo desde Enrique VII (1500) promoviendo la industria textil lanera por medio de la intervención gubernamental a través de impuestos a las importaciones desde los Países Bajos que eran de mejor calidad y la “caza ilegal” de artesanos textiles capacitados oriundos de Flandes.
Asimismo recordó que en 1721 se lanzó un programa de desarrollo industrial que daba protección arancelaria y subvenciones a industrias consideradas “estratégicas”. También que en la década de 1770, Gran Bretaña llevaba tanta delantera a otros países que Adam Smith no veía ninguna necesidad de aplicar medidas proteccionistas. Sin embargo, recién cerca de 1860 se adopta el libre comercio, cuando su supremacía industrial era ya incuestionable.
En el caso de Estados Unidos, luego de su independencia, también se comenzó a adoptar una política proteccionista para proteger a las “industrias nacientes” y en 1830 registra los aranceles industriales promedio más altos del mundo, situación que se extenderá hasta la Segunda Guerra Mundial.
En este contexto el libre comercio se propaga, en su mayor parte a través de medios para nada libres: Colonización, fuerza, o la amenaza de hacer uso de ella, y se crean tratados de libre comercio desiguales con Asia y América Latina.
Entre 1870 y 1913, etapa que se podría denominar como el apogeo o “Edad Dorada Liberal”, el Capitalismo se acelera aún más y surge la producción en serie. Europa Occidental tiene un crecimiento anual que alcanza el 1,3%.
Muchos especialistas atribuyen este apogeo a las políticas económicas liberales adoptadas durante este período, no obstante, en el corazón del capitalismo (Europa occidental y Estados Unidos), el proteccionismo comercial no solo no disminuyó, sino que aumentó.
Salvo en América Latina, que después de los procesos de independencia cesó los tratados comerciales desiguales y aplicó aranceles proteccionistas, el resto de la periferia tuvo que someterse a un libre comercio forzoso y países como Alemania, Bélgica, Estados Unidos y Japón se sumaron a la aventura colonial, era la era del imperialismo.
En ese periodo en América Latina se registra una tasa de crecimiento promedio anual de 1,86%. Fue la única región periférica que experimentó un rápido crecimiento en el período, fuera del libre comercio propiciado por las grandes economías.
Otra etapa destacada por Kremerman es la de 1950-1973, también conocido como “La Edad Dorada del Capitalismo”. En este periodo se alcanza el crecimiento más alto de todos los tiempos, Europa Occidental crece 4,1% anual, Estados Unidos 2,5%, Alemania Occidental 5% y Japón 8,1%. Además el desempleo fue prácticamente eliminado en los países capitalistas avanzados, existía una baja inflación y estabilidad financiera, donde prácticamente no se registran crisis bancarias.
Esta situación se podría explicar por diferentes posibles causas. Una de ellas es que las tecnologías desarrolladas durante las guerras, comenzaron a tener usos productivos civiles. Otra es debido a la creación de instituciones como Bretton Woods en 1944 (Fondo Monetario Internacional (FMI) y Banco Mundial) cuyo objetivo inicial es prestar dinero para salir de crisis de balanza de pagos y para reconstruir o crear infraestructura.
La última posible causa es la Creación del Acuerdo General sobre Aranceles Aduaneros y Comercio (GATT) en 1947 e integración en Europa (Comunidad Europea del Carbón y el Acero (CECA) en 1951, Tratado de Roma (Comunidad Económica Europea) en 1957 y Comunidad Europea en 1973.
Pero la explicación más influyente es el surgimiento de Economía Mixta, vale decir, capitalismo gestionado donde los gobiernos regulan y configuran los mercado de muchas y diversas maneras. Lo que David Harvey llamó Liberalismo (Capitalismo) Embridado y que se caracterizó por la ampliación de Estados de Bienestar, Pacto de Clase entre capital y trabajo, fortalecimiento de los sindicatos, transferencia de empresas privadas al sector público o se crean nuevas empresas públicas en sectores claves, políticas industriales selectivas, fortalecimiento y regulaciones financieras y políticas macroeconómicas contracíclicas.
Luego Kremerman caracterizó el periodo entre 1980 a la actualidad, bautizado como ascenso y caída del neoliberalismo. Según Harvey el neoliberalismo fue una respuesta a la crisis de acumulación sufrida por el capitalismo en los años setenta, caracterizada por una baja de los rendimientos de las inversiones junto con un incremento de las luchas sociales.
Para el proyecto neoliberal es necesario desembridar al capital de estos constreñimientos. Para Harvey, el neoliberalismo ha tenido éxito en incrementar el capital y el poder de los estratos altos de la sociedad, pero ha ampliado la brecha entre estos y las mayorías empobrecidas, poniendo en primera plana, otra vez, la lucha de clases.
El neoliberalismo es, ante todo, una teoría de prácticas político-económicas que afirma que la mejor manera de promover el bienestar del ser humano consiste en no restringir el libre desarrollo de las capacidades y de las libertades empresariales del individuo, dentro de un marco institucional caracterizado por derechos de propiedad privada, fuertes mercados libres y libertad de comercio.
El papel del Estado neoliberal es crear y preservar el marco institucional apropiado para el desarrollo de estas prácticas. Por ejemplo, tiene que garantizar la calidad y la integridad del dinero. Igualmente, debe disponer las funciones y estructuras militares, defensivas, policiales y legales que son necesarias para asegurar los derechos de propiedad privada y garantizar, en caso necesario mediante el uso de la fuerza, el correcto funcionamiento y la extensión de los mercados.
A mediados de los años noventa, el neoliberalismo se había propagado por el mundo entero, empezaba la era de la globalización y el nuevo orden económico mundial. En 1994 se firma el primer TLC entre países “desarrollados” (USA y Canadá) y otro en desarrollo (México), en 1995 se crea la Organización Mundial del Comercio (para reemplazar el GATT). Además se avanza en la integración económica en la Unión Europea caracterizada por la libertad de movimiento de bienes, servicios, personas y dinero.
Es en ese momento cuando se produce un nuevo proceso de integración mundial gracias a las revoluciones tecnológicas en la comunicación y el transporte. Ahora los países no tenían otra opción más que aceptar esta nueva realidad y abrirse totalmente al comercio y las inversiones internacionales. Los que se resistieran serían tildados de “luditas modernos”.
Kremerman citó a Ha-Joon Chang, economista e investigador de la Universidad de Cambridge, que considera que con las Tratados de Libre Comercio “Las naciones ricas patean aún más lejos la escalera que los llevó al desarrollo”, con los que “vuelven ilegal prácticas que les permitieron a los países desarrollados llegar al sitial que tienen”.
Para el economista José Gabriel Palma, con estos tratados se busca crear una instancia supranacional para que las corporaciones (especialmente las internacionales) puedan demandar a los gobiernos en cortes especialmente diseñadas para dicho fin, si sienten que han sido tratadas de forma perjudicial.
Con los TLC se refuerza la política del status quo a través de cortes supranacionales que juzgarán los reclamos de las multinacionales, también se pierde soberanía y la integración se da para el capital, no para los pueblos.
Kremerman cuestiona que estos tratados, que protegen a los inversionistas, dicen ser voluntarios y de mutuo acuerdo, pero en el fondo se sabe quienes realmente acuerdan y quienes obedecen .
Las inversiones que protegen son la de los bienes muebles e inmuebles y cualquier derecho de propiedad como hipotecas, usufructos, privilegios y fianzas, los intereses en compañías (acciones, títulos, bonos, o cualquier forma de participación en compañías o empresas), el Derecho al dinero o cualquier prestación que tenga un valor económico, Derechos de propiedad intelectual y concesiones legales para la explotación económica (derechos administrativos).
En el caso de que un inversor se encuentre insatisfecho en su expectativa de ganancia, estos acuerdos velan por él a través de mecanismos de solución de controversias Inversor-Estado (ISDS). Donde una persona jurídica (empresa) o física (individuo) puede recurrir al arbitraje internacional para demandar al Estado donde tiene una inversión.
Para Kremerman el ISDS es un sistema de impunidad para los inversores extranjeros donde los Estados están atados de manos, ya que firman tratados que los obliga a recibir las demandas, pero no pueden demandar a los inversores por no cumplir contratos o por dañar el medio ambiente porque el ISDS es de una sola vía (Inversor-Estado).
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