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Nuevo Proyecto de ley de regulación de la apicultura: Pierden las abejas y ganan Monsanto Bayer y Syngenta

Ministro Furche desvirtuó proyectos originales de senadores Tuma y Letelier

Ante la Comisión de Agricultura del Senado, la coordinadora nacional de la Red de Acción en Plaguicidas-Chile, María Elena Rozas, entregó el pasado 8 de mayo una documentada presentación sobre la asociación entre el uso de los insecticidas neonicotinoides y el colapso de las colmenas de abejas, así como con la desaparición de otros polinizadores.  Expresó M. Elena Rozas: “El proyecto sustitutivo enviado por el ejecutivo desvirtúa los proyectos de ley que se vienen discutiendo desde hace tres años, y cuyos objetivos eran regular  la actividad apícola para proteger las abejas y su hábitat.  El texto del gobierno de Bachelet y su ministro Carlos Furche descarta los objetivos centrales de las mociones anteriores, desmantelando por completo la iniciativa que incluía la prohibición de los insecticidas neonicotinoides que matan las abejas.”  Las abejas enfrentan  una doble amenaza: los insecticidas neonocotinoides, que por ser  sistémicos están presentes en todas las partes de la planta, desde la raíz al tallo, hojas y flores, afectando su sistema nervioso y  su orientación para volver a la colmena. Los cultivos transgénicos, por otra parte, contienen toxinas que también las afectan, alterando su conducta alimenticia lo que puede causar su muerte y las hace más susceptibles al ataque de enfermedades.

La dirigente de ANAMURI, Alicia Muñoz también mostró en sa  sesión de la Comisión de Agricultura,  su rechazo  al nuevo proyecto, en tanto María Isabel Manzur, de Chile Sustentable  formuló a su vez críticas a la postura oficial insistiendo en la necesidad de volver a enfocarse en la biodiversidad.

El Ministro de Agricultura Carlos Furche,  envió en enero de este año las indicaciones sustitutivas a dos proyectos de ley, los boletines N° 9.479-01 del senador Letelier,  y N° 10.144-01 del senador Tuma y otros.  Esos proyectos tenían una mirada amplia sobre el tema de la apicultura, considerando que  la producción de alimentos a nivel mundial y nacional, así como la biodiversidad  dependen en gran medida de la polinización.  Las abejas y los polinizadores proveen un servicio valorado en 0,4 trillones de dólares. El 75% de la flora silvestre se poliniza gracias a las abejas y casi el 40% de las frutas y verduras que comemos y/o Chile exporta, procede de la polinización.

Gobierno: “En Chile no hay desaparición de abejas”

El gobierno de Bachelet sostiene que Chile no está afectado por la masiva desaparición de las abejas, un fenómeno complejo en el que se suman los impactos  de plaguicidas, cultivos transgénicos, cambio climático, monocultivos que privan del sustento adecuado a estos insectos, además de las enfermedades y parásitos, entre otros. Sin embargo, la actividad apícola nacional  se sabe gravemente perjudicada por la muerte masiva de abejas, y por ello es de vital importancia fomentar esta actividad y otorgar protección a los polinizadores, objetivos que eran recogidos en los proyectos ya señalados.

El lobby oculto

En cambio el Ministerio de Agricultura y sus asesores, históricamente ligados a la agroindustria (FEDEFRUTA), a gremios como ANPROS, que defienden los semilleros transgénicos,  y  a los importadores de agrotóxicos de AFIPA y otras entidades similares,  desvirtuaron por completo esos objetivos limitándose a plantear la regulación burocrática de  la actividad productiva de la miel. El ministerio de agricultura aduce que los objetivos originales los recogerían otras legislaciones y regulaciones.

Furche y el  premio de Crop Life

Es relevante recordar que Crop Life Latin America, que representa los intereses de Monsanto/Bayer, Singenta y otras transnacionales de los químicos y transgénicos, premió en 2015 al ministro Furche “por las políticas públicas que el país ha desarrollado” para beneficio de este sector. Coherente con ello,  el único objetivo de su proyecto es  la promoción del desarrollo sustentable de la apicultura como actividad silvoagropecuaria”. Ignoró así el bienestar de las abejas y la existencia de polinizadores  como el abejorro chileno, que está en peligro de extinción, además  de las especies nativas de abejas.  Además de la abeja actual, la Apis Melifera, que llegó con los colonizadores españoles, existen en Chile alrededor de 424 especies nativas de abejas, con un porcentaje de endemismo que alcanza el 70%.

Según María Elena Rozas, “el texto del nuevo proyecto demuestra la ausencia de voluntad política para enfrentar el grave problema que representa la muerte de las abejas y la pérdida de biodiversidad no solo para el sector apícola, sino también para todas las actividades agrícolas y la alimentación.  Sorprende la ceguera con se pretende regular un sector que es una reserva estratégica. El 82% de la producción de miel chilena proviene de especies vegetales melíferas del bosque nativo.  El proyecto tampoco resguarda ni reconoce el valor de los servicios ecosistémicos ni de los activos ambientales de las regiones donde se concentra la actividad apícola.  La mayor parte de la producción va a la Unión Europea. , que tiene desde 2013 una moratoria a los plaguicidas neonicotinoides. El año 2014 se exportaban 7.034 toneladas y 6.761 toneladas iban a ese destino”.

Regulaciones  incumplidas y enfoque economicista

La contaminación de semillas convencionales con transgénicas, fue detectada en numerosas ocasiones en maíz exportado a Alemania. Asimismo ACHIPIA señala que los agricultores chilenos no utilizan las buenas prácticas de manejo de plaguicidas. Las denuncias recibidas en los últimos años por RAP-Chile sobre mortandad masiva de colmenas lo comprueban. En los últimos tiempos los y las apicultores dejaron de informar de estos incidentes al SAG dado que no obtuvieron resultados. Los fiscalizadores llegaban demasiado tarde, cuando ya no se podían tomar las muestras adecuadas. Por otra parte la respuesta del gobierno actual a la mortandad es implementar un seguro, que partió en un plan piloto con una aseguradora española, de manera de compensar económicamente a los apicultores cuando sus abejas mueren por el impacto de los insecticidas aplicados en su entorno más cercano o por haber polinizado en lugares donde se habían aplicado insecticidas peligrosos. Ello demuestra cero preocupación por la biodiversidad.

Las propuestas de RAP-Chile enfatizan en la necesidad de un enfoque integral para el fomento de la apicultura. La Unión Europea ha adoptado medidas para enfrentar el colapso de sus colmenas, prohibiendo temporalmente el uso de los neonicotinoides, y en el futuro próximo tomará medidas definitivas. En Francia está vigente una Ley de Biodiversidad que señala el año 2018 como fecha para la prohibición de estos agrotóxicos y su remplazo por alternativas preferentemente no químicas. El Senado francés se encuentra estudiando desde marzo de este año un documento elaborado por la Agencia Sanitaria Francesa para demostrar la existencia de esas alternativas, exponer sus características y efectividad,  y asegurar que la prohibición definitiva de los neonicotinoides es viable. Los informes científicos de que disponen aseguran que el impacto dañino de los neonicotinoides es la causa más importante del colapso de las abejas, sin desconocer que se trata de un fenómeno multifactorial.

La presión empresarial

Los plaguicidas que matan las abejas son producidos por las transnacionales Bayer y Syngenta que globalmente realizan un lobby extendido contra su prohibición. Alicia Muñoz, dirigente de ANAMURI evalúa negativamente el proyecto del gobierno y tiene claro por qué Furche no recoge los objetivos iniciales: “Lo que ocurrió es grave, los objetivos de protección de las abejas y los polinizadores se dejaron de lado en este nuevo proyecto que suprime la prohibición de los insecticidas neonicotinoides. Esto ocurrió debido a la presión empresarial, que tiene un peso muy fuerte en el gobierno. Y las más afectadas van a ser las mujeres apicultoras, que proveen de miel a los grandes exportadores.  Esto las daña como trabajadoras pero también daña su salud y va a tener consecuencias en la alimentación de todos nosotros. Las apicultoras no tendrán a quién recurrir y no podrán parar las mortandades de sus colmenas.  Donde hay abejas hay vida, flora y fauna, bosque nativo que proteger. Los estudios científicos muestran claramente el daño producido por estos químicos, pero el gobierno está ciego y no quiere escuchar las demandas del mundo social.”

Para RAP-Chile el proyecto presentado por el ejecutivo no fomenta la apicultura, no protege las abejas ni los polinizadores. Se  limita a regular la actividad obligando a los productores a inscribirse en un registro nacional que facilite su control, lo cual es una discriminación respecto de otras actividades económicas y es impracticable en el caso de muchos de los pequeños apicultores. Es necesario que la Comisión de Agricultura rechace esta engañosa iniciativa de ley, puesto que  no aborda los factores más importantes relacionados con el colapso de las colmenas y la disminución de los polinizadores.

 

Santiago, mayo de 2017

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