TPP: Nueva Constitución y cesión de soberanía a espaldas de los chilenos
La superación de la dictadura, se nos demuestra cada día, no modificó en lo estructural las relaciones de poder y, lo más importante, siguió haciendo prevalecer el interés privado por sobre el bien común. En este sentido, la firma del TPP aparece como un nuevo capítulo del fracaso de las aspiraciones de justicia y democracia del Chile de los últimos lustros.
Por Patricio López
Justo cuando parte del país se espanta por la minúscula soberanía que se cedería a Bolivia en caso de un nuevo traspié del Gobierno en La Haya, y cuando se hace evidente que el debate constitucional es un fierro caliente para el Ejecutivo, a pesar de que este mismo gobierno lo prometió, la ciudadanía empieza a conocer un tratado que las autoridades de la Cancillería negocian desde el gobierno anterior, confidencialmente, y que en la práctica supondría cesiones de soberanía y enclaves constitucionales de alcances significativos: el TPP (Acuerdo Transpacífico de Cooperación Económica).
Liderado por Estados Unidos, el tratado involucra también a otros 11 países: Japón, Australia, Nueva Zelanda, Malasia, Brunei, Singapur, Vietnam, Canadá, y los latinoamericanos México, Perú y Chile.
Dado el secretismo y el desconocimiento público, ninguna autoridad ha sido llamada a explicar cuáles son los beneficios para el país de un tratado como éste, teniendo en consideración que Chile ya cuenta con acuerdos comerciales de liberalización de comercio con todos los países miembros de este nuevo pacto. Por lo tanto, a priori, es razonable suponer que el TPP generaría nulos o mínimos beneficios comerciales, a cambio de imponer nuevas normas y regulaciones que restringirían la posibilidad de decidir soberanamente las políticas que se implementen en el país.
Geopolíticamente, el acuerdo deja fuera a China, el principal socio comercial de Chile y la más seria amenaza a la hegemonía de los Estados Unidos, además del conjunto de economías emergentes congregadas en los BRICS. Respecto a América Latina, incluye a tres de los cuatro países que forman parte de la Alianza del Pacífico, transparentando el sentido último de un espacio que, por muchos, había sido visto como la columna vertebral de Washington en este continente.
Por razones que solo las filtraciones de Wikileaks han dejado entrever, el acuerdo contiene cláusulas de confidencialidad que obligan a las partes a negociar ajenas al escrutinio público, incluidos los parlamentos, a pesar de que debe ser ahí donde cada país ratifique lo pactado. De este modo, en una inaceptable opacidad, nuestro gobierno negocia aspectos que, cuando se trata de favorecer a los débiles y se hacen de cara al sol, son inmediatamente vetados porque “el país no está preparado”.
En efecto, de los 30 capítulos que tiene el Acuerdo, solo tres se han conocido y ello a través de filtraciones realizadas por Wikileaks en noviembre del 2013. Son diversas las materias que busca regular este tratado en sus 30 capítulos, tales como la propiedad intelectual, medicamentos, regulación de internet, mercados financieros, empresas estatales y medioambiente, por mencionar solo algunos.
De ellos, uno de los aspectos más preocupantes es el establecimiento de reglas más estrictas en la propiedad industrial farmacéutica, lo que, afirman organizaciones como Médicos Sin Marca, incidirá directamente en el alza de precio de los medicamentos, afectando de este modo el derecho de acceso y precarizará aún más la estructura pública de la salud en Chile.
43 años después que Salvador Allende, en un discurso brillante, denunciara en Naciones Unidas un nuevo orden mundial donde el poder de las transnacionales empezaba a socavar la institucionalidad política del mundo, las filtraciones exhiben este tratado como parte de las nuevas políticas de la globalización neoliberal que favorecen la libertad absoluta de acción de las grandes empresas y del sistema financiero internacional, sometiendo para tal efecto a los gobiernos y a las instituciones económicas del los estados.
El motor de este nuevo empuje es Estados Unidos. Luego de que su presidente, Barack Obama, declarara la semana pasada ante líderes empresariales en Washington que el TPP, que representa un 40 por ciento del PIB mundial, puede alcanzarse “este año”, han aumentado las presiones para acelerar la firma del tratado. Así, en las últimas horas Obama ha hecho sendas llamadas a los presidentes Bachelet, Humala y Peña Nieto, buscando una señal conjunta de beneplácito a cerrar el proceso de una vez, cuestión que debería asombrar en un país que se precie de democrático, puesto que aquí recién se empieza a saber lo que ya está casi firmado.
Inevitable ver en este capítulo nuevas luces sobre nuestra historia reciente. Comportamientos políticos y de Estado como éste demuestran que la dualidad Dictadura-Democracia de la que se benefició política y electoralmente la Concertación (y ahora la Nueva Mayoría), ha escondido otra dualidad que no fue modificada y cuyo desequilibrio pena hasta el día de hoy: Propiedad Privada-Democracia. La superación de la dictadura, se nos demuestra cada día, no modificó en lo estructural las relaciones de poder y, lo más importante, siguió haciendo prevalecer el interés privado por sobre el bien común. En este sentido, la firma del TPP aparece como un nuevo capítulo del fracaso de las aspiraciones de justicia y democracia del Chile de los últimos lustros.
Porque, hay que recordar, mientras los movimientos sociales en el país han hecho titánicos esfuerzos de movilización para discutir transformaciones políticas y sociales en los espacios democráticos definidas para tal efecto, en las últimas dos décadas el país ha suscrito tratados de libre comercio o acuerdos bilaterales de inversión con más de 60 países. Todos ellos se han producido sin procesos de participación ciudadana efectivos y sin consulta a los pueblos indígenas, a pesar de los tratados internacionales suscritos por nuestro país que así lo obligan.
Aquí, y luego de mucho tiempo transcurrido, la reacción se produjo ahora, con la instalación de la Plataforma Ciudadana Chile Mejor sin TPP, integrada por 50 organizaciones civiles y con el apoyo de cinco parlamentarios. En su declaración inicial, los autoconvocados advirtieron que el TTP, de ser firmado, atentaría directamente contra los derechos humanos de un amplio conjunto de la población, la soberanía de los pueblos y la posibilidad de éstos de decidir sobre políticas que les afectan directamente.
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