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Tratados de Libre Comercio, blindando la inversión extranjera

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Por Ana Romero Cano*

En el Perú, la política de apertura comercial data de algunas décadas. Los acuerdos bilaterales, anteriores a los acuerdos comerciales, ya iban definiendo la política de apertura comercial; sin embargo, sabemos bien que los Tratados de Libre Comercio (TLC) son los que terminan blindando esta política y cambiando la configuración del comercio en el mundo.

Demás está decir que los TLC implican mucho más que lo comercial, incluyendo diversos sectores y dimensiones que son sensibles y que colisionan con nuestros derechos como por ejemplo la normatividad de la inversión extranjera, el acceso a los medicamentos y a la salud. Cuando firmamos los acuerdos comerciales no estamos frente a un acuerdo solo comercial, sino que quedamos inmersos en un conjunto de compromisos con consecuencias para nuestras poblaciones.

En el Perú tenemos 20 acuerdos comerciales vigentes, 4 por entrar en vigencia y 5 en procesos de negociación. Y el Ministerio de Comercio Exterior y Turismo (MINCETUR) tiene como meta hacia el 2025, tener vigentes 27 acuerdos comerciales.

Todos los acuerdos han sido negociados y firmados bajo la misma lógica a lo largo de todos estos años: Globalización económica + Entrada a mercados internacionales = Desarrollo. Por supuesto, esta política ha estado acompañada de una gran propaganda gubernamental donde los beneficios que traería un TLC han sido exagerados y por lo tanto los efectos negativos, han sido minimizados o hasta ignorados, haciendo impensable hablar de compensaciones.

A esto hay que sumarle, que han sido y son negociados en secreto, con limitado acceso a la información y a espaldas de la sociedad civil. Además, con el paso del tiempo, se han ido endureciendo las posibilidades para el acceso a la información y transparencia; para finalmente ser aprobados entre gallos y medianoche.

En este marco y hace más de una década también, es que la sociedad civil peruana viene organizándose en la búsqueda de un Comercio con Justicia. Desde la Campaña TLC así NO (campaña en el marco de las negociaciones del TLC con Estados Unidos), que fue justamente el punto de partida para la organización de sociedad civil en torno a los acuerdos comerciales, hasta la Campaña TPP. Todos Podemos Perder y Perú Mejor sin TLC. Estas campañas han significado el esfuerzo de varias organizaciones y movimientos sociales con una visión de derechos humanos para cuestionar las implicancias de la firma de los tratados comerciales. Y aunque la discusión en un primer momento no estaba claramente definida, las dos posiciones existentes cuestionaban la política de apertura comercial: una, que se centraba en un comercio con justicia y, la otra, en NO aceptar la firma de los tratados de libre comercio. A pesar de estas dos posiciones la convergencia para la Campaña TLC ASÍ NO fue posible.

Años después, luego de muchos acuerdos comerciales firmados y varios en negociación, la participación de la sociedad civil decreció, por diversos factores que nada tienen que ver con una visión positiva de la política de apertura comercial y que no solo le sucedió a nuestro país. Fue a partir de las ambiciosas negociaciones del TPP y sus posibles impactos y el exagerado secretismo en las negociaciones, que se retoma el interés y se logra movilizar otra vez en los diferentes países de la región. Nuevamente se toma una posición frente a la política de apertura comercial y su vínculo con un modelo de desarrollo que ya no se sostiene. En este marco, en el Perú se desarrolla la Campaña TPP. Todos Podemos Perder cuya característica principal fue la toma de posición de no seguir aceptando esta política de apertura comercial para no solo para el TPP sino para las negociaciones, transformándose así la campaña de #NoAlTPP a #NoTLC (No a los TLC).

Perú a 5 años de la entrada en vigencia del TLC con la Unión Europea

Durante las negociaciones, y luego de entrado en vigencia el TLC entre Unión Europea y Perú y Colombia (desde enero de 2017 también Ecuador), las organizaciones de la sociedad civil venimos haciendo el seguimiento y análisis de este TLC; y expresando a las diferentes autoridades gubernamentales nuestras preocupaciones por el debilitamiento de la normativa ambiental y laboral en Perú, con el fin de promover las inversiones. Sin embargo nuestro gobierno nunca las tomó en cuenta, nunca respondió a nuestras preocupaciones y reclamos. El silencio de siempre.

Ante ello y en la permanente búsqueda desde sociedad civil, de distintos mecanismos para priorizar una visión de derechos, que sumado con el análisis, busquen incidir y producir cambios; es que presentamos una Queja contra el Gobierno peruano por la falta de cumplimiento de sus compromisos laborales y ambientales previstos en el Acuerdo Comercial entre Perú y la Unión Europea a la Comisión Europea con sede en Bélgica, suscrita por 14 organizaciones de sociedad civil europea y 27 organizaciones de la sociedad civil peruana entre las cuales están las principales centrales sindicales y organizaciones que vienen haciendo seguimiento a temas ambientales. No vamos a entrar en detalles de la queja en este artículo, solo señalar que necesitamos persistir en un trabajo organizado, y que necesitamos buscar otros canales que contribuyan a construir o mostrar los argumentos de como este tipo de política comercial ya no se sostiene y que con evidencias debemos caminar hacia una construcción alternativa. Pero no podemos caminar cada uno por su lado, necesitamos fortalecer la articulación nacional e internacional y hacernos respetar como ciudadanos y ciudadanas con derechos en un gobierno democrático que debe mostrarse respetuoso de la participación de la sociedad civil y un gobierno que debe generar un diálogo entre todos los sectores y actores; sobre todo hoy, que luego de más de una década de apertura comercial podemos ver que los resultados de los acuerdos comerciales son contrarios a lo ofrecido y que NO ha contribuido al tan mentado desarrollo en nuestros países.

* Miembro de la Red Peruana por una Globalización con Equidad – RedGE.

Fuente: Nodal

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