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Chile o el fanatismo irracional por los TLC

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Por Patricio López *

Se dice de Chile, el país que ha firmado tratados de libre comercio con más países en el mundo que es, según no pocos expertos, el más neoliberal del planeta. Se dice también que su Cancillería es altanera pero carece de sofisticación: asuntos como la crisis del orden unipolar, la decadencia de la democracia liberal, la crisis cultural de Europa o el desplazamiento de la conflictividad al Medio Oriente, el este de Europa y el mar de China, no le inciden. Que su ministerio de Relaciones Exteriores no tiene una burocracia prospectiva y de estudios. Pero hay algo que no se le puede negar: la fe inquebrantable con la que ha hecho de la firma frenética de TLCs su política comercial y, al fin y al cabo, su política exterior.

Visto desde afuera y desde dentro, asombra que este fanatismo de conversos haya sido llevado a cabo preferentemente por una generación autodenominada de centro izquierda, de ex marxistas y revolucionarios, en varios casos torturados y exiliados, que cuando jóvenes escucharon con fervor, como hasta hoy escuchamos los que entonces no habíamos nacido, el discurso que Salvador Allende pronunció en la Asamblea de Naciones Unidas el 4 de diciembre de 1972. Aquella alocución, que en plena Guerra Fría fue aplaudida de pie durante varios minutos por los presentes, contenía una afirmación sorprendentemente visionaria: “estamos ante un verdadero conflicto frontal entre las grandes corporaciones y los Estados. Éstos aparecen interferidos en sus decisiones fundamentales -políticas, económicas y militares- por organizaciones globales que no dependen de ningún Estado y que en la suma de sus actividades no responden ni están fiscalizadas por ningún Parlamento, por ninguna institución representativa del interés colectivo. En una palabra, es toda la estructura política del mundo la que está siendo socavada”.

La transformación radical de Chile en pocas décadas era, hasta ahora y en sentido figurado, un problema de Chile. Pero ahora, que el ciclo de gobiernos progresistas decayó y la ola del libre comercio invade el continente -convergencia del Mercosur y la Alianza del Pacífico mediante- nuestro país ha jugado un rol de vanguardia y podría ser como el auto de Marty Mc Fly, capaz de mostrarle al continente cómo será su futuro. Luego de este viaje podría evidenciar, por ejemplo, que el problema de los tratados de libre comercio no es al fin y al cabo el libre comercio, al revés de lo que dicen nuestras élites políticas para justificarlos. Su análisis general lleva a la conclusión de que su verdadero problema es la determinación de las reglas del juego, las que invariablemente han restringido en el mundo la capacidad de acción de los Estados, esto es, el derecho de los pueblos de transformar sus sociedades a través de la política. No se debe aceptar, por lo tanto, la mera discusión sobre el articulado de los tratados si no se transparenta que lo que está en discusión es un nuevo modelo para los países.

Decíamos que Chile es ejemplo mundial, puesto que el país que ha firmado más TLC, incluso por sobre las dos principales potencias mundiales: Estados Unidos y China. Y este año, con el desconocimiento generalizado de las fuerzas políticas y la opinión pública, se han tramitado TLC con Indonesia, China-Hong Kong, Argentina, Uruguay y la actualización del TLC con Canadá, mientras se sigue negociando con Brasil y la Unión Europea.

En lo que respecta a Sudamérica, lo que hasta ahora fue una diferencia entre la Alianza del Pacífico y el Mercosur se ha transformado en una inclinación de esta última en favor de la primera, debido al giro neoliberal en algunos gobiernos de la región. Excluida Venezuela: el Mercosur resucita el TLC con la Unión Europea, Uruguay pide entrar a la Alianza del Pacífico, Argentina negocia tratados y, en toda la telaraña, Chile juega un rol importante para que la costa atlántica se sume a la era de los tratados.

En el plano interno ésta, que es en estricto rigor una política pública igual que cualquier otra, no ha estado sujeta al debate político ni a evaluaciones. Los parlamentarios no solo reconocen que han aprobado tratados sin alcanzar a leerlos (asombroso es el caso del TLC con Vietnam, cuya discusión parlamentaria en las comisiones, salas de ambas cámaras y despacho duró apenas dos días), sino que además no han recibido información sobre los efectos positivos y negativos de la implementación posterior de estos tratados para los habitantes del país y para sus actividades económicas.

Durante más de veinte años, lo que Chile ha hecho es, literalmente, un acto de fe respecto a las políticas de la Dirección de Relaciones Económicas de la Cancillería (DIRECON), órgano desconocido para la ciudadanía y que, sin embargo, tiene más presupuesto y más poder que varios ministerios.

Frente a esta avalancha de nuevos tratados, se ha repetido con algunas excepciones el intento por reducir el Parlamento a una simple oficina de partes donde los tratados pasen para ser timbrados. Cuanto contraste, por poner un solo ejemplo, con la Unión Europea, donde su Parlamento ha discutido la actualización del tratado con Chile desde antes de la firma y donde la sociedad civil ha sido convocada. Al revés de lo que ocurre por el lado de Chile, donde nadie sabe qué se está discutiendo ni por qué, sin perjuicio de que se la sociedad civil sea convocada a reuniones con apariencias de participación.

Si hace algunos días sensibles para la memoria nacional señalábamos que no se podía separar la ocurrencia del Golpe Militar del 11 de septiembre de 1973 y la violación de los derechos humanos de la implantación del modelo neoliberal, ahora habría que decir tampoco se puede separar la firma de los TLC de la profundización del modelo neoliberal.

Hay tres pilares firmemente instalados en Chile: la privatización del sector público, la desregulación del sector privado y la reducción de la presión fiscal a las empresas, sufragada con recortes en el área estatal. Si usted no quiere lo mismo para su país y es latinoamericano, debe oponerse tenazmente a esta avalancha que se acerca al continente.

* Periodista

Fuente: Nodal 

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