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El TPP-11 vulnera derechos humanos y principios democráticos básicos

Chile Mejor Sin TLC

Este 8 de marzo, tras intensas rondas de negociaciones, se procederá a la firma del texto definitivo del “Tratado Integral y Progresista de Asociación Transpacífico” (CPTPP, por sus siglas en inglés), conocido como TPP11. Este tratado viene a sustituir al desahuciado Acuerdo Transpacífico de Cooperación Económica (TPP, por sus siglas en inglés), luego que la salida de Estados Unidos del mismo hiciera inviable su implementación.

A partir de esta fecha, el TPP11 queda abierto a su ratificación por parte de los parlamentos de los estados signatarios –Australia, Brunéi, Canadá, Japón, Malasia, México, Nueva Zelanda, Perú, Singapur y Vietnam, además de Chile– para su entrada en vigencia, de acuerdo a los requisitos que el propio acuerdo impone. Esto es, 60 días después de su firma y cuando seis o el 50% del número de signatarios hayan cumplido con la tramitación legal prevista en su ordenamiento interno. Ello, sin que los congresistas puedan hacer modificación alguna a sus disposiciones y anexos, limitándose a aprobarlo o rechazarlo en su totalidad.

Aunque su texto aún no ha sido liberado para su conocimiento público, el gobierno ha insistido en afirmar que se trata de un acuerdo renovado que elimina aquellos aspectos más cuestionados por la ciudadanía y que generó la preocupación de instancias  internacionales de derechos humanos. Sin embargo, el TPP11 considera la incorporación “por referencia” de todo el contenido del TPP original, con la única salvedad del acuerdo alcanzado para “suspender” 20 de sus normas, 11 de ellas contenidas en el Capítulo sobre  Propiedad Intelectual, en ámbitos referidos a la industria farmacéutica y derechos de autor vinculados a internet. En relación a esta materia, se desconoce cuales serán los efectos del nuevo tratado en temas  tan sensibles como la patentación de semillas y el uso de transgénicos, y los impactos que ello puede tener en los conocimientos tradicionales de pueblos indígenas y campesinos.

Lo anterior nos lleva a pensar que estamos en presencia, en la práctica, del mismo acuerdo, el que de manera engañosa es presentado como restringido en sus alcances más cuestionados de la versión anterior del TPP. Es importante resaltar que todas las normas suspendidas del acuerdo original son revocables con el consenso de los 11 estados signatarios. Más aún, las condiciones impuestas para su entrada en vigencia han sido rebajadas, al eliminarse la disposición del TPP original que exigía que el mínimo de países requerido concentraran al menos el 85% del PIB combinado del total, precisamente el motivo por el cual la decisión de Trump terminó por aniquilarlo.

En otras palabras, hoy se hace en extremo expedita la entrada en vigor del TPP11, y retiradas las normas suspendidas, del TPP original, persistiendo las graves amenazas a los derechos humanos y a la soberanía de los estados para garantizarlos que estos tratados de nueva generación concitan, así como la vulneración de principios democráticos básicos, debido a la ausencia de participación ciudadana efectiva y a sus formas secretas de negociación.

Uno de los cuestionamientos centrales que desde la perspectiva de derechos humanos hicimos al TPP que reiteramos en el caso del TPP11, es la mantención de un sistema propio para la solución de controversias empresas – estado, al que pueden recurrir las compañías cuando estas estiman que sus intereses económicos se ven afectados por la implementación de políticas públicas, programas sociales, o legislaciones que les son desfavorables. Ello, en la práctica, ha llevado a muchos estados a inhibirse a la hora de avanzar en sus obligaciones de garantizar derechos humanos comprometidos al ratificar tratados internacionales, debido a las elevados montos que son exigidos por las empresas a modo de compensación en sus demandas ante estos mecanismos de solución de controversias.

Preocupa también desde la perspectiva de los derechos de participación, ahora que se abre la instancia de tramitación parlamentaria de este acuerdo, que no esté contemplada la consulta con pueblos indígenas de esta versión “progresista” del TPP, como exige el Convenio 169 de la OIT cada vez que se adoptan medidas administrativas o medidas legislativas susceptibles de afectar sus derechos, como sin duda es el caso. Más aun teniendo en consideración que los tres países latinoamericanos signatarios -Perú, México y Chile- han ratificado dicho Convenio.

Asimismo, resulta indispensable considerar ahora que Chile ha presentado su Plan de Acción Nacional sobre Empresas y Derechos Humanos, lo establecido por los Principios Rectores de Naciones Unidas sobre las Empresas y los Derechos Humanos, en el sentido de que “Los Estados deben mantener un marco normativo nacional adecuado para asegurar el cumplimiento de sus obligaciones de derechos humanos cuando concluyen acuerdos políticos sobre actividades empresariales con otros Estados o empresas, por ejemplo a través de tratados o contratos de inversión”. En otras palabras, sin informes preliminares sobre los impactos que tienen acuerdos comerciales como el TPP11 en estos derechos, ningún acuerdo de esta naturaleza debiera ser suscrito como ocurrirá este 8 de marzo.

Es de esperar que la tramitación que ahora se abre en el Congreso, sirva para dar una discusión de fondo en torno a la forma en que estos acuerdos son negociados y adoptados. Primando hasta ahora el secreto y la reserva antes que la transparencia en dichos procesos; la ausencia de participación ciudadana efectiva, plebiscitarios ni de consulta a los pueblos indígenas directamente afectados; con una tramitación legislativa meramente simbólico; y sin informes que acrediten los beneficios económicos y los impactos en derechos humanos que se desprendan de su adopción.

  • José Aylwin, director Observatorio Ciudadano
  • Paulina Acevedo, coordinadora Programa Ciudadanía e Interculturalidad, Observatorio Ciudadano

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123 comentarios en «El TPP-11 vulnera derechos humanos y principios democráticos básicos»

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