El TPP amenaza derechos humanos
Por José Aylwin Oyarzún
En octubre pasado el gobierno de Chile, junto a otros once gobiernos, concluyó las negociaciones del Acuerdo Transpacífico, más conocido como TPP (Trans Pacifc Partnership). Se trata de un acuerdo comercial negociado por años en secreto cuyo objetivo sería la creación del mercado más grande del planeta, con la participación de, entre otros estados, Estados Unidos, Australia, Canadá, Japón, México, Perú y Chile, los que en conjunto representan el 40% del PIB mundial. Su objetivo no declarado es la generación de un bloque comercial liderado por Estados Unidos para poner freno al creciente protagonismo geopolítico y económico de China a nivel global.
Junto a Estados Unidos, los promotores más activos del TPP han sido las corporaciones trasnacionales. Si bien el análisis en profundidad de los contenidos e implicancias de las seis mil páginas de este acuerdo es una tarea aún pendiente, la información hasta ahora disponible permite entender el interés de estas corporaciones en su aprobación. En efecto, el TPP establece como plazo mínimo de protección de los derechos de autor y derechos afines la vida del autor más 70 años, el que excede en 20 años aquel estipulado por el Convenio de Berna (1986) y por el Acuerdo sobre los Aspectos de los Derechos de Propiedad Intelectual (ADPIC) de 1994. El mismo permite la extensión hasta ocho años de la protección de datos de medicamentos biológicos, impidiendo la entrada al mercado de versiones genéricas de remedios después de su primer registro. En el caso de Chile ello tendría, según la Subsecretaria de Salud, un costo de 770 millones de dólares anuales por cada año adicional a los cinco años actuales de protección[1]. El TPP si bien reconoce la importancia de los conocimientos tradicionales asociados a los recursos genéticos, limita su protección a los sistemas de propiedad intelectual. Además, reitera la obligación que Chile había asumido en anteriores acuerdos comerciales de ratificar el UPOV 1991, Convenio que establece un sistema de “protección” de los derechos de los “obtentores vegetales”, entre ellos la reproducción y la comercialización de variedades vegetales, muchas de ellas desarrolladas en base a conocimientos tradicionales de los pueblos indígenas y comunidades rurales. En materia de comercio electrónico se obliga a los países a permitir la transferencia transfronteriza de información por medios electrónicos, aun cuando dicha información sea de carácter personal o sensible, sin la consideración de que dichos países cuenten con un nivel adecuado de protección de datos personales. Además, se supedita la protección de datos personales a los requerimientos del comercio internacional. En materia medioambiental el TPP dispone que los estados no pueden fallar en la aplicación efectiva de sus leyes ambientales a través de una acción o inacción que afecte el comercio o la inversión, supeditando la política ambiental al comercio. Aún cuando en este Capítulo se establece protección ambiental en materias como capa de ozono, especies exóticas invasoras o pesca marina, las obligaciones para las partes son débiles, lo mismo que la participación pública que se propone.
Pero posiblemente el capítulo más grave es el relativo a las inversiones (XX), el que establece la obligación de los estados de otorgar a los inversionistas un “trato justo y equitativo, y la protección y seguridad plenas”, y de no expropiar ni nacionalizar sus inversiones, sea directa o indirectamente, salvo que sea con un propósito público, de una manera no discriminatoria, mediante el pago de una indemnización efectiva. Para determinar si un acto estatal constituye una expropiación indirecta el TPP considera su carácter, su impacto económico, y la interferencia con “expectativas inequívocas y razonables de la inversión”, lo que deja abiertas las puertas a los inversionistas para impugnar decisiones de política pública por considerarlas expropiación indirecta. Si bien se consideran permisibles los actos regulatorios “no discriminatorios” adoptados para proteger “objetivos legítimos de bienestar público, tales como la salud pública, la seguridad y el medioambiente”, se deja fuera otras acciones que los estados puedan impulsar como por ejemplo, garantizar los derechos laborales o de seguridad social de la población. Además, se faculta a los inversionistas para llevar sus controversias con los estados a tribunales arbitrales como el Centro Internacional de Arreglo de Diferencias Relativas a las Inversiones (CIADI), lo que lesiona la soberanía de los estados para impulsar medidas legislativas o políticas para profundizar la democracia y los derechos sociales, medidas que en años recientes se han visto impugnadas por corporaciones por su contrariedad a los acuerdos comerciales. Un reciente estudio da cuenta que al 2014 había más de 600 demandas de inversionistas ante el CIADI por supuestos incumplimientos por parte de los estados de sus obligaciones al amparo de acuerdos comerciales[2]. Según datos oficiales de esta misma entidad de 269 casos concluidos el 2013, 82 involucraban a estados latinoamericanos (es decir un 30,5%), muchos de ellos en forma adversa para éstos. Este porcentaje se ha incrementado dramáticamente en los últimos años, ya que de 175 casos pendientes, 74 son contra Estados latinoamericanos (un 43,5%)[3]
La inclusión de cláusulas que limitan la capacidad de los estados de garantizar los derechos humanos en acuerdos como el TPP contraviene los Principios Rectores de Naciones Unidas sobre las Empresas y los Derechos Humanos, aprobados por el Consejo de Derechos Humanos con el voto de Chile el 2011, en los que se insta a “…mantener un marco normativo nacional adecuado para asegurar el cumplimiento de sus obligaciones de derechos humanos cuando concluyen acuerdos políticos sobre actividades empresariales con otros Estados o empresas, por ejemplo a través de tratados o contratos de inversión”[4].
En la reunión de APEC celebrada en Filipinas en noviembre la presidenta Bachelet dio su total respaldo al TPP afirmando que este es “bueno” para el país[5]. Preguntado por la coalición Chile Mejor sin TPP, que agrupa a más de 80 organizaciones sociales, el director de la Dirección General de Relaciones Económicas Internacionales (DIRECON), Andrés Rebolledo, sobre la existencia de estudios que avalen esta afirmación, este reconoció aún no existen, sino que han sido encargados a una prestigiosa universidad del país. No queda claro además como los negociadores chilenos han considerado los derechos humanos para adoptar la decisión de suscribir este acuerdo. Todo indica no lo han hecho.
Por otra parte, existe evidencia que los numerosos TLC que en las últimas décadas Chile ha suscrito con más de 60 estados han incidido de manera directa en el incremento de las inversiones extractivas y productivas –minería en el norte, forestación y salmonicultura en el sur, proyectos energéticos y de infraestructura a lo largo del país– en tierras y territorios indígenas. Ello tanto a través de la atracción de inversiones de corporaciones domiciliadas en los países con los que Chile ha suscrito estos acuerdos comerciales, como a través de la apertura de mercados para las empresas de capitales nacionales, como CODELCO y SQM en el caso de la minería, y las forestales Arauco y Mininco (CMPC) en el caso de la forestación. Por lo mismo, y de conformidad con el Convenio 169 de la OIT que obliga al Estado a consultar a los pueblos indígenas las medidas legislativas susceptibles de afectarles directamente, este acuerdo comercial no puede ser ratificado por el Congreso, si la Presidenta lo suscribe como ha declarado lo hará, sin consultar en forma previa a sus instituciones representativas. Resultan muy preocupantes las afirmaciones del Director de DIRECON en el sentido de que, de acuerdo a su análisis, el TPP no requiere de consulta indígena.
En paralelo a las negociaciones que el Estado llevó adelante en torno al TPP, el gobierno anunció el 2014 la elaboración de un Plan Nacional sobre Empresas y Derechos Humanos, el que con la participación activa de la ciudadanía, debería permitir revisar la consistencia del marco normativo y política pública del Estado, así como la actuación de las empresas, con los PR de Naciones Unidas sobre Empresas y Derechos Humanos. El debate en torno al TPP no puede estar ausente en el proceso de elaboración de este Plan. Tampoco puede estar ausente en este debate el derecho de los pueblos indígenas a ser consultados sobre la conveniencia o no de la ratificación de este acuerdo comercial. Se abre entonces la posibilidad de generar un debate abierto con la ciudadanía y estos pueblos sobre la suerte del TPP, el que muchos estimamos, con fundamentos hasta ahora no escuchados, limita gravemente los derechos humanos. Esperamos que el gobierno y al parlamento así lo entiendan.
[1] En Ahumada, R. La letra chica del acuerdo TPP que atrasa la entrada de remedios más baratos al mercado chileno, 25 de noviembre de 2015, disponible en: http://www.theclinic.cl/2015/11/25/la-letra-chica-del-acuerdo-tpp-que-atrasa-la-entrada-de-remedios-mas-baratos-al-mercado-chileno/
[2] En Weisbrot, M. Lecciones para el Acuerdo Transpacifico de Libre Comercio, 13 de octubre de 2015, disponible en: https://www.thecipherbrief.com/article/lessons-trans-pacific-partnership
[3] Boeglin, N., El CIADI y América Latina, Criticas, denuncias y busca de alternativas, 3 de diciembre de 2013, disponible en: http://bwp-new.handsupstaging.com/es/2013/12/icsid-latin-america/
[4] Naciones Unidas, Principios Rectores sobre las Empresas y los Derechos Humanos, HR/PUB/11/04, 2011, Principio 9.
[5] http://www.latercera.com/noticia/negocios/2015/11/655-656149-9-bachelet-asegura-que-defendera-el-tpp-en-todas-partes.shtml
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