El TPP: prueba para el progresismo chileno
El TPP en particular, fue negociado durante cinco años con cláusulas de confidencialidad. Los parlamentarios chilenos no tuvieron acceso a esas discusiones y, ahora que el texto ya está firmado, solo tienen dos alternativas: votar a favor o en contra. En concreto, este tratado tiene más implicancias en la soberanía que los diferendos con Perú y Bolivia en La Haya, y es más constituyente que cualquier proceso constituyente. Ahí es donde radica la gravedad del asunto.
Por Patricio López.
Los dirigentes chilenos que se inscriben en el progresismo y, al mismo tiempo, apoyan el TPP, parecen estar convencidos de que ambas cosas son compatibles: no advierten el alud ideológico que los ha arrastrado. Al revés, con poco disimulado desdén acusan “desinformación” de quienes se oponen al mega-acuerdo. Dicen también que ésta es la continuidad de la “exitosa” política comercial seguida por Chile durante 25 años porque, en efecto, durante este periodo, donde casi siempre gobernó la centroizquierda, nuestro país se ha convertido en el principal suscriptor de TLC a nivel mundial con 22 convenios con 60 países.
Al revisar la lista de los otros 11 países firmantes del TPP, se advierte que Chile ya tiene tratados de libre comercio con todos ellos. Hay algo de redundancia comercial en este tratado, salvo que no sea en última instancia un tratado sobre libre comercio, sino sobre un orden mundial con más mercado y en donde prevalezca la hegemonía de Estados Unidos respecto a China.
Porque desde hace lustros, los tratados de libre comercio han cambiado las reglas del juego a nivel mundial y Chile ha sido el mejor abanderado. Gracias a ellos el capitalismo desregulado ha avanzado planetariamente, dejando fuera de juego a las políticas socialistas, keynesianas o medioambientales, en nombre de un supuesto “fin de la historia”. Ahora el TPP, en resumen y tal como los TLC que lo han precedido, aumenta el poder del mercado y restringe la acción pública. Pero mucho más que antes, puesto que éste es el más grande tratado de libre comercio de la historia de la humanidad.
Más libertad para la trasnacionales y menos para los Estados. Ya lo anticipaba Salvador Allende en su célebre discurso de 1972 en Naciones Unidas, cuando afirmaba que “estamos ante un verdadero conflicto frontal entre las grandes corporaciones transnacionales y los Estados. Éstos aparecen interferidos en sus decisiones fundamentales políticas, económicas y militares- por organizaciones globales que no dependen de ningún estado y que en la suma de sus actividades no responden ni están fiscalizadas por ningún Parlamento, por ninguna institución representativa del interés colectivo”.
El TPP en particular, fue negociado durante cinco años con cláusulas de confidencialidad. Los parlamentarios chilenos no tuvieron acceso a esas discusiones y, ahora que el texto ya está firmado, solo tienen dos alternativas: votar a favor o en contra. Este problema de legitimidad democrática de origen debería –por sí solo- desacreditar la aprobación del Tratado, pero además respecto al contenido debería ser incompatible con cualquier coalición política que sea disidente o crítica del neoliberalismo. Recordemos que la Nueva Mayoría llegó al poder para revertir o al menos atenuar el neoliberalismo, no para profundizarlo y perpetuarlo como ocurriría con los alcances de este tratado. Dicho de otro modo, el economista chileno de la Universidad de Cambridge, José Gabriel Palma, afirmó en su reciente visita a nuestro país que “el TPP es una movida política de los quieren que todo siga igual en Chile”.
En concreto, este tratado tiene más implicancias en la soberanía que los diferendos con Perú y Bolivia en La Haya, y es más constituyente que cualquier proceso constituyente. Ahí es donde radica la gravedad del asunto: mientras desde hace cinco años el país discute encima de la mesa la posibilidad de realizar transformaciones para hacerlo menos injusto e inequitativo, por debajo agentes de las mismas coaliciones políticas negocian candados para que el orden vigente no se pueda cambiar. Bajo ninguna consideración, ninguna, discutir y promover un tratado que dará más poder a las trasnacionales para demandar a los Estados si las políticas de interés general afectan su interés particular, puede ser considerada una acción progresista o digna de un dirigente progresista.
Es frente a esa incompatibilidad que en todas partes empiezan a alzarse voces contra el TPP. En el extranjero, el precandidato presidencial demócrata estadounidense Bernie Sanders o el premio Nobel de Economía Joseph Stiglitz, quien afirmó “Chile no está ganando nada con el TPP que no tenga con el TLC de EE.UU., y su aprobación sólo empeorará las cosas…No entiendo a Bachelet”. Y en nuestro país, donde junto con las decenas de organizaciones sociales, civiles y políticas que se han manifestado, varios parlamentarios de la propia Nueva Mayoría, además de los diputados Jackson, Boric, Rivas y Rubilar, ya anunciaron su voto en contra del proyecto. E incluso el XXX Congreso Nacional del Partido Socialista aprobó un voto crítico sobre el Tratado, que fue en todo caso suavizado porque la directiva pidió un gesto de lealtad con el gobierno de la Presidenta Bachelet.
Frente a esta disyuntiva, los progresistas chilenos, que en los últimos años vieron caer muros, socialismos reales y el avance incontenible del orden mundial neoliberal, tienen una histórica oportunidad de tomar definiciones. Como recuerda Naomi Klein, los tres pilares de las políticas de esta nueva era son la privatización del sector público, la desregulación del sector privado y la reducción de la presión fiscal a las empresas. El TPP implica un enorme acto de consagración respecto a todas estas variables ¿Qué harán? ¿Éste es el proyecto histórico de quienes nos gobiernan? ¿Existe la voluntad y el coraje para reivindicar principios fundacionales? Todas estas preguntas se contestarán solas durante el año en curso. Y, por si aún fuera necesario, dejarán más claras las cosas luego de la ambigüedad que ha caracterizado a la política chilena después de Pinochet.
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