Las respuestas negras sobre el TPP
Por Tomás Lagomarsino
Presidente Fundación Equidad Chile
Plataforma Chile Mejor Sin TPP
Mientras la Dirección de Relaciones Económicas Internacionales (DIRECON) preparaba su documento “50 respuestas sobre el TPP”, las Naciones Unidas enviaron una comunicación conjunta elaborada por siete relatores especiales e independientes del organismo internacional. Fechada el 20 de abril y dirigida a la Embajadora de Chile ante la Oficina de las Naciones Unidas, Marta Maurás, la carta solicitaba que su contenido fuera comunicado a la mayor brevedad posible al Ministro de Relaciones Exteriores Heraldo Muñoz.
Para nuestra sorpresa, las apreciaciones presentes en este documento distan mucho de las respuestas entregadas en las 50 contestaciones de la DIRECON. Es por ello que hemos decidido elaborar nuestra propia versión de preguntas y respuestas en base a la visión de los relatores de las Naciones Unidas.
¿Es verdad que el Gobierno negoció este Tratado en secreto?
Si. Según la carta de Naciones Unidas “las negociaciones se llevaron a cabo a puertas cerradas, con muy pocas oportunidades para ciertas partes interesadas o grupos de interés de acceder a información pertinente, incluyendo textos preliminares, y de participar en dicho proceso”. Añade tajantemente que hubo “una tendencia general de falta importante de transparencia y pocas o nula consulta con algunos grupos o partes interesadas” y que “fue hecho público oficialmente en noviembre de 2015, sólo unas semanas después de haber sido adoptado por consensuado, imposibilitando el debate público antes de ser finalizado”.
¿TPP afectará otros tratados?
Si. Según los relatores “es factible que los estándares establecidos por el TPP tengan una influencia global en futuros acuerdos comerciales en otras regiones del mundo”.
¿Hubo participación de las sociedad civil?
No. Si bien en Chile el Gobierno creó el Cuarto Adjunto, este fue exclusivamente informativo y no consideró modalidades de participación consultiva, asesora ni directiva. El documento de Naciones Unidas señala al respecto que “estos procesos no cumplieron con los estándares internacionales”.
¿Jugaron un rol fundamental las filtraciones de WikiLeaks?
Si. Hubo dos grandes filtraciones de documentos secretos durante la negociación del TPP que fueron responsabilidad de WikiLeaks. Al respecto la carta señala que “de no haberse filtrado el texto preliminar del TPP en el momento de las negociaciones, la discusión del TPP, los debates de fondo y el análisis crítico del texto habrían sido escasos, y los diversos actores no gubernamentales de los diferentes países no habrían tenido la oportunidad de proponer alternativas”.
¿Fueron invitados lobistas de corporaciones internacionales?
Si. Se afirma que “las empresas transnacionales gozaron de una amplia oportunidad para participar en las diferentes etapas del proceso de negociación, creando un desequilibrio entre los intereses privados y con fines de lucro, por un lado, y las libertades públicas y derechos humanos por el otro”.
¿Se realizó un análisis del impacto de las normas comerciales?
No. Los relatores señalan que ”no hubo una evaluación transparente, independiente y participativa del impacto que las normas comerciales contenidas en el TPP pudieran tener en el disfrute de los derechos humanos.”
¿El TPP transgrede los Derechos Humanos”
Si. Al contrario de lo afirmado por Cancillería, las autoridades de Naciones Unidas afirman que “numerosas disposiciones del TPP relacionadas con el acceso a medicamentos y propiedad intelectual, pueden tener serios efectos perjudiciales para el disfrute de los derechos humanos”-
¿Podría aumentar el precio de los medicamentos?
Si. La carta de Naciones Unidas hace un análisis de las medidas incorporadas en el TPP y afirma que “esto puede generar un aumento en el precio de los medicamentos, y crear excesivos obstáculos para acceder a medicamentos esenciales a un precio asequible, principalmente medicamentos genéricos”. Añade que “el derecho de toda persona al disfrute del más alto nivel posible de salud física y mental puede verse seriamente comprometido, así como el derecho de toda persona al goce de los beneficios del progreso científico y de las aplicaciones”. También señala que el enfoque en que están establecidas las normas para los productos biológicos permita cuestionamientos a través del mecanismo de resolución de controversias. Finalmente, enfatiza que “el uso de dichas disposiciones podrían prolongar, en ciertos casos, los monopolios existentes y crear obstáculos adicionales y retrasos indebidos en la fabricación y comercialización de medicamentos genéricos”.
¿Es cierto que TPP afectará el período de protección del derecho de autor?
Si. El TPP establece un mecanismo que “va mucho más allá de los estándares internacionales”. En el caso de Chile “esto significa que no tendrán flexibilidad para revisar y reducir sus propios plazos de protección”.
¿Es cierto que TPP provocará censura en internet?
Si. Según las relatorías el “TPP exige incentivos legales para los Proveedores de Servicios de Internet para cooperar con titulares de derechos de autor para disuadir el almacenamiento y la transmisión no autorizada de materiales protegidos por derecho de autor o, alternativamente, tomar otras acciones para disuadir el almacenamiento y la transmisión no autorizada de materiales protegidos por derecho de autor”. Estas disposiciones “consagran el enfoque de “retirar primero, cuestionar después” que incentiva a los Proveedores de Servicios de Internet a eliminar contenido basado en alegaciones de infracciones que no fueron probadas y, por tanto, tendría un efecto disuasivo que puede restringir indebidamente el ejercicio de la libertad de expresión en línea”. Preocupa enormemente que “la responsabilidad de determinar si el contenido es ilegal repose en gran medida sobre intermediarios privados, como los Proveedores de Servicios de Internet, los cuales no son idóneos para cumplir con dicha función debido a la falta de recursos y el potencial conflicto de interés”
¿El TPP conllevará la privatización de las semillas mediante la suscripción de UPOV 91?
Si. El TPP exige a los Estados signatarios a ratificar varios acuerdos incluido el Convenio Internacional para la Protección de las Obtenciones Vegetales 1991 (UPOV 1991) que es la versión internacional de la Ley Monsanto. Según los relatores “la UPOV de 1991 limita los derechos consuetudinarios de los agricultores a guardar y reutilizar las semillas y puede afectar negativamente a los medios de subsistencia de pequeños agricultores, los sistemas de cultivo innovadores no lucrativos y tradicionales, el medio ambiente y la diversidad de alimentos, incluyendo para los pueblos indígenas”.
¿Los mecanismos de solución de controversias entregan las garantías necesarias?
No. La carta enviada por Naciones Unidas señala que “el TPP establece mecanismos alternativos de resolución de controversias para garantizar la aplicación del TPP, incluyendo mecanismos de solución de controversias inter-Estatales y de controversias inversores-Estados” y que “la composición, procedimientos y jurisdicción de estos mecanismos parecen no cumplir con las garantías del derecho a un recurso efectivo, a un juicio imparcial y debido proceso”.
¿Los mecanismos de solución de controversias sólo beneficiarán a las empresas transnacionales?
Si. Según las autoridades de Naciones Unidas “individuos o grupos tales como los pueblos indígenas, no tienen capacidad jurídica reconocida lo cual, en la práctica, les niega el derecho a un recurso efectivo para impugnar sus derechos, incluyendo derechos laborales en el marco del TPP”. Adicionan que “las disposiciones laborales del Capítulo 19 sólo podrán ser invocadas por los Estados e inversores, no por otras partes interesadas, tales como sindicatos, federaciones comerciales y grupos de defensa laboral”.
¿Los árbitros serán objetivos?
No. Ciertas normas del TPP generan preocupación porque permite a “árbitros privados interpretar el Acuerdo sobre los ADPIC y el capítulo de propiedad intelectual del TPP, y que dicha interpretación pueda no ser necesariamente sensible a las necesidades de salud pública ni estar en consonancia con las disposiciones en materia de derechos humanos”. Varias disposiciones “plantean serias preocupaciones sobre garantías de la independencia e imparcialidad de los individuos designados como árbitros, especialmente en relación con posibles conflictos de intereses”.
¿Restringe el TPP la implementación de futuras políticas públicas en el país?
Si. El documento señala que “dichas disposiciones imprecisas podrían permitir que las políticas públicas de los Estados, adoptadas con el fin de proteger y promover los derechos humanos puedan ser puestas en cuestión”. Añade que “podrían incluso impedir que los Estados adopten medidas para proteger y promover el interés público para evitar incurrir en el riesgo de ser cuestionados por una pérdida de ingresos previstos o la existencia de una barrera comercial”. Según las relatorías las áreas que podrían ser afectadas son la salud, los derechos de los pueblos indígenas, la seguridad alimentaria, los beneficios laborales, las normas medioambientales, la diversidad cultural, el acceso a las tecnologías y las innovaciones esenciales para una vida digna.
¿Se podrá apelar a las resoluciones del TPP?
No. Los relatores señalan que “el mecanismo ISDS otorga jurisdicción exclusiva sobre el TPP, y en consecuencia, las instituciones judiciales nacionales no tienen competencia para conocer de los conflictos potenciales en el marco del TPP”. De hecho, “las resoluciones del ISDS, que son inapelables como susceptibles de recurso ante una instancia superior” y provocaría que los Estados “podrían ser responsables de grandes daños que deban ser pagados a empresas”.
¿Se debería hacer consulta indígena?
Si. Según la misiva debieron ser considerados “los pueblos indígenas cuyo derecho a la consulta previa se considera como norma de derecho internacional consuetudinario”. Esta debe ser a través de “la consulta y el consentimiento libre, previo e informado”.
¿Es efectivo que el TPP vulnera los derechos de nuestros pueblos originarios?
Si. La carta enviada por los relatores afirma que “las formas de derechos de propiedad previstas en el TPP proporcionan poco o ningún conocimiento o protección de los derechos de los pueblos indígenas como titulares de los conocimientos tradicionales” como lo establece la Declaración de las Naciones Unidas sobre los Derechos de los Pueblos Indígenas (UNDRIP). Los sistemas que actualmente son inadecuados se verían “reforzados en el marco del TPP ya que ofrece a los inversores la posibilidad de cuestionar las infracciones a sus derechos de propiedad intelectual por los mecanismos de solución de controversias entre inversores y Estados.”
¿Los mecanismos de resolución de controversias puede afectar las reivindicaciones de los pueblos originarios?
Si. Según consigna el documento las “medidas necesarias para garantizar reparaciones para los pueblos indígenas como la restitución de sus tierras y recursos naturales que se tomen con el consentimiento libre, previo e informado entrarán en conflicto con las perspectivas de los árbitros con respecto a los derechos de los inversores, protegidas bajo el TPP”. La consecuencia de esto significa que limita “la voluntad del Estado para garantizar reparaciones para los pueblos indígenas o resolver injusticias históricas, ya que podría exponer al Estado a demandas significativas de indemnización de los inversores”.
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