TPP, cultura avasallada
Por Sebastián Ainzúa Auerbach, coordinador Cono Sur Fundación Heinrich Böll; Javier Rioseco Arcos, director Arte Contemporáneo Asociado – ACA A.G.
Plataforma Chile Mejor Sin TPP
En los doce países suscriptores se acumulan los cuestionamientos al secretismo de los gobiernos por el Transpacific Partnership Agreement (TPP). Es, más que un acuerdo comercial, un compromiso geopolítico y de políticas económicas, que afecta especialmente a algunos sectores, dentro de los cuales está la cultura.
En Chile, tal manera de proceder sin deliberación ciudadana es funcional al modo en que hemos visto hacer política durante 40 años, lo cual nos permite decir que dista mucho de los estándares democráticos que debería tener este país o cualquiera. No le reconocemos a autoridad de gobierno alguna, ni técnica ni política, la atribución de decidir lo mejor para nosotros, sin nosotros.
Dicho esto, advertimos que el TPP trae consigo una serie de reservas parciales que no están insertas en la realidad socio-cultural del país. Si prima la visión de Canadá (país que está redactando el capítulo en torno a la cultura) ¿Qué tenemos en común culturalmente con ellos?
En el TPP se están acordando normas que regulan los conocimientos tradicionales y el fomento que se realizaría a productos y experiencias de los Pueblos Originarios, sin tomar en cuenta las ya actuales políticas de resguardo que tiene la identidad cultural popular y tradicional en Chile. Y como no se tiene claridad en este punto, no sabemos qué es lo que puede pasar en torno a prácticas ancestrales, las cuales podrían ser patentadas por órganos ajenos a sus legítimos propietarios.
Sumado a lo anterior existe una obsolescencia en torno a nuevos conceptos culturales como “industria creativa” (independiente si estamos de acuerdo con el significado de ese término). El TPP se basa en el concepto de “industria cultural”, a propósito de dos tratados internacionales que se realizaron con EEUU y Canadá en 1997 y 2004 respectivamente, es decir atrasados al menos en 10 años conceptualmente hablando, lo que se contrapone a la inversión de capital cultural que realiza Chile cada año con sus diversos programas. Y esto básicamente porque tienen a ingenieros y economistas negociando temas que ignoran.
En términos laborales, la cultura estaría en una situación de asimetría en relación a otros países, ya que se impondrían estándares externos a la realidad nacional, donde por ejemplo el TPP no se contempla al trabajador cultural dentro del capítulo de Trabajo y se excluye del punto Empresas del Estado, por lo tanto, los artistas seguirían sin contratos de trabajo, previsión social, salud y un trato digno ante privados y el Estado (incluso cuando uno representa al país en el extranjero). Esto sumado a la presión que ejerce EEUU para no abrir (en su lógica globalizante) fronteras para el libre desplazamiento de los agentes culturales, artistas y artesanos, pero sí para el comercio.
En este último sentido, se estaría equiparando al comercio digital con el comercio tradicional, generando una pérdida de circulación de conocimientos que nos permite internet, sobre todo en la adquisición de libros. Y extendiendo de 50 años a 70 años la protección de obras para su libre difusión.
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