El libre comercio de todos los días: una introducción
Por Javier Echaide *
Acabo de entrar en mi casa: un pequeño departamento en la ciudad de Buenos Aires, Argentina. Son las 18hs y durante toda la jornada hice decenas de actividades: di clases en una universidad; envié mensajes desde mi teléfono celular en varios momentos; utilicé aplicaciones móviles para saber cómo llegar a distintos puntos de la ciudad; saqué vía internet un pasaje en ómnibus a una ciudad de la costa argentina y reservé un cuarto de hotel en dicho destino; pasé por una librería comercial para comprar marcadores para pizarra y con ellos poder dar clases en la universidad pública (que siempre cuenta con escaso presupuesto), así como también compré algunos insumos de computación para imprimir exámenes que deberé tomar mañana; pasé por un minimercado y compré unos pocos víveres: algunas bananas, un par de baterías pequeñas para el control remoto de mi TV, un vino para una cena con unos amigos. Al llegar, me siento en mi computadora a escribir este artículo y pienso: el libre comercio me ha atravesado por completo. ¡¿Pero cuándo ocurrió eso?! Y la respuesta es: en todo momento, durante todo el día…
Los aspectos más cotidianos de la vida se encuentran cada vez más relacionados con el comercio global de bienes y servicios, y ese comercio internacional se encuentra regulado por tratados y organismos internacionales: son los tratados de libre comercio (TLC) y la Organización Mundial del Comercio (OMC). Pero cuidado: no todos los ámbitos de la vida están implicados en el libre comercio. Mi trabajo, por ejemplo: las clases que di por la mañana son un servicio local, emplazado territorialmente en forma presencial para mis alumnos dentro de las fronteras de Argentina. Yo no gozo de las facilidades de poder trasladarme libremente a países como Noruega, por citar alguno, y cobrar los altos salarios que perciben allí sus docentes. Yo trabajo en Argentina y cobro sueldos argentinos, mucho más bajos por cierto. Pero las mercancías, servicios y capitales gozan de muchísima más libertad que yo para poder moverse cada vez con menos fronteras: mientras que todos los días vemos las consecuencias de las crisis migratorias, los mensajes de texto que envié desde mi teléfono celular fueron a distintos lugares en el mundo sin problemas. Lo que hice fue un uso de servicios transfronterizos regulados por el comercio de servicios de los TLC o de la OMC. Lo mismo ocurre con las aplicaciones que utilicé para guiarme estando en la calle: mi uso de esa aplicación generó datos que fueron a parar a los servidores de internet con mi ubicación, mi dirección y destino, y es parte de la llamada “big data” que se encuentran dentro de los temas que se negocian bajo el equívoco rótulo de “comercio electrónico” en los TLC y en la OMC. Ni qué decir del pasaje que saqué por internet o la habitación de hotel que reservé: son dos servicios comerciales brindados por intermedio de la “red de redes” entre dos empresas y yo como consumidor. Los marcadores que compré de camino a mi casa fueron fabricados en Argentina, pero no así las baterías, que fueron hechas en China y que fueron importadas al país para que finalmente llegaran a mi mano. Las bananas que compré provienen de Ecuador, pero su importación tiene una regulación diferente a la de las baterías, pues se trata de un producto agrícola y no de uno industrial y cuyos aranceles son distintos. El vino que compré es argentino, pero ¿los insumos para mi computadora donde escribo esto? ¿Acaso la ropa que llevo puesta tampoco se produce aquí? No. Importado, de la India. ¿Y qué ocurre con el combustible del transporte que me llevará a la cena con mis amigos…? Como puede notarse, la regulación de los flujos comerciales es algo clave en el funcionamiento de la economía de los países, sobre todo desde la entrada de la “globalización” en los años ´90, y todos esos temas son regulados por tratados internacionales y por instituciones que pregonan el libre comercio.
Ni el libre comercio ni los TLC no son nuevos. El libre comercio es una doctrina económica de hace más de 200 años y que promete que cuanto mayor circulación haya de bienes, servicios y capitales, más beneficios traerá a quienes los consuman. La razón sería que ese mayor flujo se da a raíz de la eliminación de aranceles aduaneros y otras medidas “distorsivas”, lo que debería hacer que los precios de esos productos bajen. Pero ello implica también hacer retroceder muchas medidas que los Estados han dispuesto para proteger o resguardar su mercado interno frente a la competencia de empresas extranjeras, sea porque las locales son empresas muy pequeñas para competir contra las gigantes corporaciones multinacionales, o porque dan mucho empleo local, o quizás porque se trata de un área estratégica para la economía y el desarrollo nacional. Nuestro lugar en la economía global no está precisamente del lado de los países más desarrollados, las potencias industriales o las generadoras de conocimiento, sino todo lo contrario: América Latina y el Caribe están desaventajados en esa carrera que otorga premios sólo a los primeros lugares y no a todos. Así, los TLC promueven la baja de aranceles a los productos importados, el desmantelamiento progresivo de los subsidios y la desregulación en favor de las “reglas de mercado”. Dicha desregulación y desmantelamiento de medidas se ha aplicado en los últimos 25 años en América Latina con promesas de mayor crecimiento, mejores empleos, desarrollo económico y bienestar para la población, las cuales todas ellas brillan por su ausencia en la región, que al contrario, se ha convertido en la más desigual del mundo.
Lo más notable es que, a pesar de que no se verifican los logros en estas dos décadas de aplicación de políticas de libre comercio y firmas de TLC en la región, existe hoy una nueva oleada de TLC “modernos” o de “actualizar” a los anteriores, como ocurre con el Tratado de Libre Comercio de América del Norte (TLCAN) entre Estados Unidos, Canadá y México que entró en vigor en 1994 y que acaba de actualizarse en su nueva versión. Paradójicamente, la actual tendencia es que los “nuevos TLC” tratan de temas mucho más amplios que el comercio de bienes, tales como el “comercio electrónico”, la “big data”, el espacio regulatorio del Estado, el marco regulatorio de inversiones… temas que, si los viejos TLC escapaban generalmente al conocimiento de la población, seguro que estos hoy pasan completamente desapercibidos pero que le afectan directamente al ciudadano y ciudadana de a pie sin que ellos lo sepan. De esta manera, alejada totalmente del conocimiento de la población, es como se fijan las reglas a nivel internacional para hacer negocios a costa de los derechos de las comunidades y del medio ambiente. Afortunadamente las organizaciones sociales vienen siguiendo el paso de las negociaciones de estos acuerdos y trabajan para hacer saber a la gente de qué se trata y cuáles son los riesgos de este esquema de integración económica.
*Doctor en Derecho (UBA) y Abogado (UBA). Investigador Adjunto del CONICET con sede en el Insti. A. Gioja de la Faculta de Derecho de la Universidad de Buenos Aires (UBA). Miembro de ATTAC Argentina y de la Asamblea Argentina Mejor sin TLC.
Fuente: Nodal
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Es fácil comprender que un argentino esté en contra de los TLC pues como sus últimos gobiernos han hecho casi todo mal, la población de su país está tan descontenta que todo le parece mal.
En Chile, por ejemplo, donde los últimos 6 gobiernos han sido serios (desde el año 1985), han firmado más TLC que nadie en América latina y son el país con los mejores índices de desarrollo humano, el más alto PIB per capita, mayor esperanza de vida …; lidera todos los índices de la regiòn.