Declaración Fundacional: ¡Basta de Tratados de Libre Comercio en América Latina!
¡Basta de Tratados de Libre Comercio en América Latina!
Plataforma “América Latina mejor sin TLC”
Declaración fundacional – noviembre 2018
Las plataformas nacionales y redes regionales que conformamos la Plataforma “América Latina mejor sin Tratados de Libre Comercio” rechazamos el avance de la negociación y firma de más TLC y decimos, ¡25 años de libre comercio son suficientes! Conocemos perfectamente los efectos nefastos de los TLC porque los sufrimos cotidianamente, porque vemos cómo afectan nuestros campos, nuestro consumo, nuestra salud, nuestra vida y nuestro planeta. Somos las organizaciones sindicales, campesinas, de pueblos indígenas, de mujeres, ambientalistas, defensoras de los derechos humanos, del derecho a la salud, a la educación, a la vivienda, y a un medioambiente sano. Nuestra apuesta es por la construcción de prácticas económicas y políticas alternativas, por avanzar hacia los otros mundos que queremos y necesitamos.
Desde hace 25 años se han negociado y firmado en las Américas decenas de TLC y Tratados Bilaterales de Inversión (TBI). Las consecuencias de estos tratados han sido evidentes para los pueblos americanos: aumentaron el poder de las empresas transnacionales en la región, redujeron aranceles, abrieron mercados, blindaron la privatización de los servicios públicos, encarecieron los medicamentos a través de monopolios y restringieron los genéricos mediante nuevos mecanismos regulatorios, facilitaron la introducción de los agrotóxicos en los campos, favorecieron el desmonte, profundizaron el daño ambiental, precarizaron el empleo (que afecta especialmente a mujeres y migrantes), y otorgaron privilegios a los inversores extranjeros por sobre las y los ciudadanos. Estos son sólo algunos de los efectos negativos de estos Tratados sobre los pueblos.
Dijimos No al ALCA, ¡hoy decimos No a todos los TLC!
Hace más de 10 años nos opusimos al Área de Libre Comercio de las Américas (ALCA) porque entendimos que ese Tratado era la herramienta legal de los grupos de capital más concentrado del continente que empujaban por la apertura y la privatización indiscriminada en nuestros países. Hoy los nuevos TLC van en el mismo camino que el ALCA. Contienen los mismos capítulos y disposiciones: Servicios, Contratación Pública, Telecomunicaciones, Propiedad Intelectual, Inversiones (que contiene el mecanismo de solución de controversias inversor-Estado), junto con otros temas nuevos pero que juegan a favor de las grandes empresas, como el Comercio Electrónico, la Coherencia Regulatoria y los Obstáculos Técnicos al Comercio. Todos estos temas están presentes en los TLC que negocian y firman nuestros países con EEUU y con la Unión Europea, así como con China y los países del sudeste asiático, como el Tratado Transpacífico (TPP-11). Pero estos temas también están presentes en todos los nuevos TLC intrarregionales, como los que se negocian actualmente en la llamada convergencia de la Alianza del Pacífico y el Mercosur.
Entonces, los TLC no sólo incluyen temas de rebajas de aranceles, es decir, temas sobre comercio. Actualmente, el comercio intrarregional latinoamericano está liberalizado ya en un 95%, de acuerdo a datos del BID. Entonces, ¿por qué desde los gobiernos sostienen que necesitamos TLC si ya no se negocian aranceles y tarifas? Los nuevos TLC impulsados por los gobiernos, a servicio de las empresas transnacionales, poseen los temas “detrás de las fronteras” que intervienen en los mecanismos de toma de decisiones de los Estados. Un ejemplo claro es el mecanismo de Coherencia Regulatoria, que implica la compatibilización y homogeneización de las legislaciones internas de los países, e incluye el diálogo con las “partes interesadas” del sector privado. Los Estados deben facilitar al máximo la circulación de las inversiones y mercancías, pero no de las personas. Entonces, quien verdaderamente gana con estos TLC son las empresas transnacionales y los capitales más concentrados, mientras pierden los pueblos, los trabajadores y trabajadoras, la ciudadanía entera.
Estos temas regulatorios implican privilegios extraordinarios para las empresas transnacionales y los inversores extranjeros. 25 años de TLC, además de los tratados bilaterales de inversión, nos dan sobrada evidencia de lo asimétricos que son los derechos de inversores y Estados. Los derechos de los inversores se convierten en el nuevo estándar para la legislación, mientras se socava la aplicación de los derechos humanos y medioambientales, disposiciones que pasan a ser “ley blanda” (soft law) frente a las prerrogativas privadas. Las empresas e inversores han usado estos instrumentos para demandar masivamente a nuestros países en los tribunales de arbitraje internacional (como el CIADI), mientras que los Estados sólo pueden llevar a una empresa por violación de derechos humanos o medioambientales a los propios tribunales nacionales, que luego son acusados de parciales y poco objetivos. Por ello, rechazamos los TLC y los TBI que no permiten que los Estados establezcan requisitos de desempeño para los inversores extranjeros, así como nos sumamos a la campaña global por un Tratado Vinculante sobre Empresas Transnacionales (ETN) y otras empresas con respecto a los derechos humanos que se discute actualmente en el marco de la Organización de las Naciones Unidas.
¡Basta de acuerdos comerciales a espaldas de los pueblos!
25 años no han cambiado el modo en que se da tratamiento a todos los TLC en la región: negociación, firma y ratificación de tratados a espaldas de la ciudadanía y sin estudios de impacto que den cuenta de la supuesta necesidad de estos Tratados.
Los ciudadanos y las ciudadanas tenemos el derecho a participar en la formulación, implementación y evaluación de políticas sociales y económicas. Las metas centrales de estas políticas deberán ser la promoción de la soberanía económica, el bienestar social y la reducción de la inequidad en todos los niveles. Pero los TLC son acuerdos negociados y firmados con total falta de transparencia, aun si estos tienen impactos directos sobre la vida cotidiana de los pueblos de la región.
Por ello, exigimos que no se firmen más TLC, los cuales siempre son negociados sin estudios de impactos previos pertinentes, y sin consulta previa y de carácter vinculante a los grupos afectados. Exigimos la presentación de estudios que sean realizados por entes académicos autónomos e independientes a los gobiernos de turno, que evidencien los efectos sobre un amplio abanico de sectores sociales y económicos. Exigimos la realización de estudios y/o evaluaciones de impacto en derechos humanos, con fuentes transparentes que muestren dónde se obtuvo la información, haciendo una convocatoria amplia para la participación en dichos estudios. Asimismo, exigimos la aplicación del Convenio número 169 de la Organización Internacional del Trabajo (OIT), de la cual nuestros países son parte, y que sostiene que se debe consultar y hacer partícipe a los pueblos originarios en decisiones que afecten sus vidas y sus territorios ancestrales, por lo cual no se puede firmar más TLC sin realizar dicha consulta previa.
Además, los 25 años de existencia de Tratados en la región imponen la necesidad de que se evalúen los impactos de los TLC y TBI vigentes, a través de la realización de Auditorías integrales ciudadanas independientes. Estas auditorías deben tener un carácter vinculante, que no permita que los gobiernos ignoren sus resultados, como fue el caso de la Comisión de Auditoría Integral de los Tratados de Inversión y del Sistema de Arbitraje (CAITISA) del Ecuador, que no tuvo carácter obligatorio para el Estado. Es necesario evaluar los impactos de los tratados existentes si se quiere avanzar hacia la construcción de marcos jurídicos para la inversión extranjera acordes al desarrollo sustentable y las necesidades de nuestros pueblos.
Por todo esto rechazamos la estrategia de firma de más TLC y TBI. Dicha estrategia debería al menos ser puesta en cuestión, y rediscutirse a la luz de evidencias empíricas tras 25 años de tratados a nivel regional. En definitiva, no se puede seguir firmando tratados que privilegian los derechos de las corporaciones por sobre los derechos sociales y medioambientales, y que han generado impactos negativos para los pueblos de la región.
Desde la Plataforma “América Latina mejor sin TLC” trabajaremos de manera articulada por una integración desde los pueblos, una globalización para la justicia, la igualdad, la democracia, la paz y el cuidado del medio ambiente.
Firman:
Plataformas nacionales:
- Argentina: Asamblea “Argentina mejor sin TLC”
- Brasil: Rede Brasileira pela Integração dos Povos (REBRIP)
- Chile: Plataforma “Chile mejor sin TLC”
- Ecuador: Ecuador Decide – No TLC
- México: Convergencia de Organizaciones Sociales «México Mejor sin TLC»
- Perú: RedGE – Red Peruana por una Globalización con Equidad
Redes regionales:
- ISP – Internacional de Servicios Públicos
- Latindadd – Red Latinoamericana sobre Deuda, Desarrollo y Derechos
- CLATE – Confederación Latinoamericana y del Caribe de Trabajadores Estatales
- ESNA – Encuentro Sindical Nuestra América
- RedLAM – Red Latinoamericana por el Acceso a Medicamentos
- Alianza LAC-Global por el Acceso a Medicamentos
- Global Forest Coalition
- Red de Género y Comercio
- DAWN – Mujeres por un Desarrollo Alternativo para una Nueva Era
- Comité para la Abolición de las Deudas Ilegítimas, Abya Yala – Nuestra América (CADTM Abya Yala)
Adhesión de organizaciones nacionales:
- Fundación Solón, Bolivia
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