Nuevas y viejas amenazas de los Tratados de Libre Comercio (TLCs) para Centroamérica
Por Jorge Coronado*
Centroamérica es la subregión más pobre de América Latina, con los indicadores sociales más deteriorados de nuestra región y de los mayores niveles de concentración de la riqueza a pesar de contar a la fecha con más de 70 TLCs vigentes y más de 80 Tratados Bilaterales de Protección de Inversiones (TBIs).
Mesoamérica es la subregión más rezagada socialmente de América Latina, en Centroamérica viven 30 millones de personas de un total de 42 millones en condición de pobreza, un 60% de la población centroamericana vive en la pobreza. Casos como los de Guatemala con un 59.3% o de Honduras con un 65.7% de pobreza evidencian que esta estrategia económica no es para nada la salida que mejora las condiciones de vida de las personas.
En materia de concentración de la riqueza el siguiente dato refleja la grave situación que se vive, para el año 2014 el PIB Nominal de la región fue aproximadamente de unos $140.000 millones de dólares, los 965 ultra-ricos de Centroamérica tienen en sus cuentas personales para ese mismo año un acumulado de $128.000 millones de dólares, el 91% del PIB total de la subregión.
Si revisamos los indicadores económicos veremos que tampoco los TLCs han servido de blindaje como han querido hacer creer los neoliberales, el crecimiento promedio de la región es de un 3% del PIB, con la excepción de Panamá gracias a la existencia y ampliación del Canal.
El principal argumento de que los TLCs iban a promover que la Inversión Extranjera Directa (IED) llegara masivamente no se ha cumplido, sólo Costa Rica y Panamá nuevamente tienen promedios entre $3.000 y $5.000 millones de dólares anuales de ingresos de IED, en el resto de los países no supera siquiera los $1.000 millones por año. Pero en cambio el ingreso de remesas familiares que envían los migrantes económicos principalmente desde los Estados Unidos si son muy significativas, Guatemala, El Salvador y Honduras tienen promedios anuales de ingresos de remesas familiares de entre $8.000 y $5.000 mil millones de dólares por año. Obviamente los datos anteriores nos evidencian que las economías centroamericanas están sostenidas por los aportes de los pobres que migran, y no por la inversión extranjera que llega estimulada por los TLCs.
Lo otra dimensión del problema es que los TLCs han venido erosionando la capacidad impositiva de los estados centroamericanos, las fuertes desgravaciones arancelarias promovidas por dichos instrumentos, son uno de los factores centrales de dos fenómenos, el primero, el crecimiento sostenido del déficit fiscal en casi todos los países centroamericanos, con la excepción de Guatemala y Nicaragua para el 2017 el promedio nacional estuvo entre 4% y 6% del PIB, cuando históricamente previo a la década del noventa el promedio del déficit no sobrepasaba el 1% del PIB. El otro fenómeno producto de las desgravaciones arancelarias es que Centroamérica presenta las más bajas cargas tributarias de América Latina, con los casos de Guatemala y Panamá con 10% y 9% del PIB en un extremo y Honduras con un 18% y Nicaragua con 16% del PIB en el otro extremo.
El balance general después de más de tres décadas sostenidas de estar firmando TLCs, es que la región centroamericana se ha reprimarizado en su economía, convirtiéndola únicamente en una exportadora neta de materias primas, sus exportaciones están sustentadas únicamente en comoditties de alimentos (café, banano y frutas frescas); textiles con bajísimo valor agregado; exportación de minerales (oro principalmente) con serios impactos ambientales y territoriales; y monocultivos para la producción de biocombustibles (palma africana, azúcar y yuca).
A manera de conclusiones, se puede afirmar que la agresiva desregulación promovida por los TLCs, ha estimulado en primera instancia un debilitamiento de la institucionalidad de los estados nacionales centroamericanos, ello ha promovido la corrupción, haciendo que verdaderas mafias organizadas de las élites político/empresariales convirtieran dichos estados en simples instrumentos para el enriquecimiento ilícito de cerrados círculos de poder.
Los radicales cambios regulatorios para el ingreso de Inversión Extranjera Directa (IED) por la vía de los TLCs han tenido efectos muy negativos a nivel tributario/fiscal provocando serias crisis de financiamiento de las políticas públicas, profundos cambios orientados a la precarización de las condiciones laborales de la clase trabajadora y un retroceso en los indicadores de protección ambiental.
En materia de generación de empleo, los TLCs han estimulado el crecimiento del sector servicios que no genera empleo masivamente por no requerir de intensidad de mano de obra, el supuesto sector dinámico de nuestras economías orientado a la exportación genera empleos precarios, de baja calificación y de bajísimos salarios, por estar vinculados a actividades económicas de un nulo valor agregado.
La lógica dominante del paradigma neoliberal, que a mayor Inversión Extranjera Directa (IED) bajo el formato de los TLCs, promovería más empleo, más riqueza, mejor distribución, y mejores condiciones de vida. En el caso de Centroamérica, queda demostrado que no tiene ninguna correspondencia con la realidad, después de más de tres décadas de TLCs, la subregión no ha logrado indicadores económicos relevantes y por el contrario sus indicadores sociales han empeorado, hoy día Centroamérica no sólo no ha logrado romper el círculo de la pobreza, sino que ha acentuado su peor faceta que es el aumento de la concentración de la riqueza y la profundización de la desigualdad y la exclusión social. La deuda social con millones de centroamericanos y centroamericanas ha crecido de la mano de los Tratados de Libre Comercio (TLCs).
* Miembro de la Red Latinoamericana por Justicia Económica y Social – Latindadd, Costa Rica.
Fuente: Nodal
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